1. Copyright  2010 Pearson Education Canada / J A McLachlan 5 - 1 Chapter Five Principles of Discussion and Debate

2. Copyright  2010 Pearson Education Canada / J A McLachlan 5- 2 Applying Logical Reasoning Three Steps to Logical Reasoning 1.Formulating the Question—Clear Thinking clarity: define terms, avoid misunderstandings right/wrong = absolute terms good/bad = relative terms 2.Doing the Research—Critical Thinking Is it accurate? (true, reliable) Is it specific? (detailed) Is it relevant? (relates directly to the question) (Continued)

3. Copyright  2010 Pearson Education Canada / J A McLachlan 5- 3 Applying Logical Reasoning 3.Forming Persuasive Arguments… depth – examines the complexities of the issue breadth – examines various perspectives and impacts relevance – arguments relate directly to the issue …Based on Sound Ethical Theory Is there a Divine Command relevant to the audience? What character virtues apply to the issue? What principles and rights apply to the issue? What are the possible consequences? (Give evidence to prove likelihood of evidence.) What are the arguments for enlightened self-interest? (Continued)

4. Copyright  2010 Pearson Education Canada / J A McLachlan 5- 4 Applying Logical Reasoning Inductive Reasoning Uses specific examples, experiments or statistics to draw a general conclusion. Example: Every snowball I touch is cold, therefore all snowballs are cold. (Continued)

5. Copyright  2010 Pearson Education Canada / J A McLachlan 5- 5 Applying Logical Reasoning Deductive Reasoning A general (mutually accepted) premise leads to a specific (accepted or proved) premise which then leads to a particular conclusion. Example: All snowballs are cold. That is a snowball. Therefore, that will be cold.

6. Copyright  2010 Pearson Education Canada / J A McLachlan 5- 6 Drawing Conclusions Descriptive Conclusions Factual conclusions based on the research (e.g., Studies show that exposure to violence on TV leads to aggressive behaviour) Normative Conclusions Moral conclusions based on an evaluation of both research and logical arguments (e.g., Violence should not be shown on TV) –Based on descriptive conclusions from both the research and the logical arguments concerning the negative impact of aggressive behaviour

7. Copyright  2010 Pearson Education Canada / J A McLachlan 5- 7 Logical and Emotional Fallacies Give an example of the following errors in logical argument: Non –sequitor (cause and effect error) Post hoc fallacy (temporal cause and effect error) Begging the question (assuming proof) Circular reasoning (repeating in different words) Red herring (introducing irrelevant facts) Either/or (falsely limiting alternatives) False analogy (comparing things that aren’t alike) (Continued)

8. Copyright  2010 Pearson Education Canada / J A McLachlan 5- 8 Logical and Emotional Fallacies Give an example of the following errors in logical argument: Bandwagon (appeal to majority opinion) Two wrongs don’t make a right Hasty generalization (insufficient evidence) Slippery slope fallacy (assume consequences based on insufficient evidence) Dogmatism (unproved opinions rigidly asserted) Scare tactics (emotional manipulation using fear)

9. Copyright  2010 Pearson Education Canada / J A McLachlan 5- 9 Principles to Consider Write an argument for or against free post-secondary tuition based on each of the following principles: Equality Beneficence Non-maleficence Conservatism Confidentiality Equal consideration of interests

10. Copyright  2010 Pearson Education Canada / J A McLachlan 5- 10 Human Rights Issues Describe a situation in which you would want to claim the right to: Freedom of expression Be informed Safe & healthy workplace Autonomy Pursue your own best interests Privacy Due process before an impartial judge Justice—Procedural, Distributive, Compensatory, Retributive