1. Persuasion Getting people to agree with you Part II: Types of Arguments

2. Audience Subject Text CONTEXT Writer ETHOS: Character of the writer PATHOS: Emotions of the audience LOGOS: Facts about the subject/situation

3. Ethos: character of the writer Should not be a major issue in this kind of paper Establish your credibility by showing that you know your material: Use appropriate (scholarly) sources Use appropriate language/conventions Draw reasonable conclusions Avoid name-calling and other unseemly tactics Avoid too many emotional appeals

4. Logos: facts about the subject/situation Should be the major strategy for academic papers Present the facts and connect the dots Use lots of evidence, and from different sources Use logic, not emotion, to refute opposing arguments Avoid “straw men” and other fallacies Show how opposing arguments aren’t logical OR aren’t practical OR aren’t as good as your arguments

5. Pathos: emotions of the audience Use only sparingly in academic papers Appeal to values such as honesty, integrity, & fairness Generally most effective for closing arguments

6. Intro: Announce the topic and the issues; state common ground. Argue against your position. Argue for your position. Remind the reader of your common ground, and show how your position offers the better path to that ground. Establish your credibility with clear, concise, dispassionate explanations. Make the case for the other side, then use “but” to show potential problems with those arguments. Offer alternative arguments, showing how they are preferable to, or at least less undesirable than, the initial ideas. Here’s where you can use a little pathos, if necessary, to “close the deal.” ETHOS LOGOS PATHOS

7. Questions?