1. Chapter 11, Section 5 and Chapter 13, Sections 3-5 TotalitarianismReview

2. Totalitarianism  Control over every aspect of public and private life  Propaganda (the attempt at changing a person’s attitude toward a cause or a position) was a tool used in Totalitarianism.  Freedoms of speech, press, and assembly are usually taken away.

3. Fascism  Promised to revive the economy, restore order, and was about national pride.

4. “The Dictatorship of the Proletariat” became a tyrannical dictatorship of individuals who would use all means, including Gulags, to maintain their power Communism The Communist Manifesto is a short pamphlet urging the working class to revolt against factory owners during the Industrial Revolution. Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin took ideas from this pamphlet and created a Communist state in Russia (Soviet Union). Some liken this to socialism.

5. Results of World War I (1914-1918)  The Treaty of Versailles contained provisions that contributed to political (blaming Germany for WWI) and economic (Germany’s reparations) problems of Europe.  Disillusionment led to Totalitarianism being embraced (Fascism)

6. Connection between WWI and the Russian Revolution  Losses of WWI helped trigger the revolution

7. Prior to the Revolution  terrible working conditions with low wages  child labor and large gap between the rich and poor  authoritarian ruling party

8. Revolutionary Effects  The March Revolution and the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 included – withdrawing from WWI (peace with Germany via Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) Food shortages Lenin insisted on ending involvement – Civil War (1918-1920) Slogan: Peace, Land, and Bread – Lenin and Bolsheviks gaining control of the government Widespread support

9. Lenin in Power  Stayed OUT of WWI  Tackled inherited problems  Signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk  Redistributed farms to peasants

10. Lenin’s Death creates Power Struggle  Joseph Stalin, the General Secretary of the Communist Party, rose to the top (against Lenin’s wishes)  Stalin used terror tactics  “Great Purge” of 1934-39 – Millions of deaths Revolution resisters Anyone threatening Stalin’s power Bolshevik helpers

11. Stalin’s Tactics  Get rid of competition  Limit individual freedoms (censorship)  Intimidation and repression (police terror)  Propaganda and slogans (indoctrination) – Credited with transforming the Soviet Union into a completely totalitarian state.  Similar to rule under czars because both established authoritarian form of government.

12. Collective Farms (not quite what peasants expected)  Hundreds of families forced to supply food for the state  Economic reform  Promoted by Stalin  Resulted in the deaths of millions of peasants

13. Socialist Realism  Works of art showing how great is was to live under communist rule.

14. Russia under Stalin  Government owned industry and production  Goal of economic equality  Human rights limited  Stalin controlled economics, private lives, and the government  5 Year Plan to build up heavy industry

15. 1920s Advances  Radioactivity (Madame Curie)  Theory of Relativity (Einstein)  Penicillin (Alexander Fleming)

16. 1920s Crash  Stock Market crash of 1929 effects became known as The Great Depression  European countries felt effect because many depended on American prosperity

17. Benito Mussolini  Created the Fascist Party in 1919  Came to power when he forced his appointment as Prime Minister (March on Rome)  Ruled Italy from 1922 until 1944  Became involved in WWII when he invaded Ethiopia and then allied with Germany Wanted to restore Italy to the glory days of the Roman Empire

18. Mussolini’s Rule  Abolished democracy  Organized a secret police force (Black Shirts)  Censored radio and publications

19. Adolf Hitler  Wrote the book Mein Kampf (propaganda) while in jail – His blueprint for a new Europe, and talked about the extermination of all Jews.  Came to power through free elections – People resented economic crisis  Began WWII when he invaded Poland September 1, 1939 Ruled Germany 1933 to 1945 Believed in supreme nature of the Aryan or Germanic races

20. Why Nazis?  Worldwide economic depression of the 1930s  Appeal of Hitler (great public speaker)  Dissatisfaction with the Versailles Treaty  Unemployed Germans were given hope by their nationalistic message and wanted to blame others for their problems

21. Hitler’s Rule  Promised to return Germany to greatness  German Fascism =Nazism  Dictatorship (Der Fuhrer)  Banned all political parties except Nazis  Turned the press, radio, literature, painting, and film into propaganda tools  Created the SS that murdered Hitler’s enemies

22. Hitler’s Germany  Nazis blamed Jews as scapegoats for all of Germany’s troubles since WWI  Passed laws depriving Jews of their rights (Nuremburg Laws)  Initiated violent attacks against Jews (Kristallnacht)

23. Francisco Franco Dictator of Spain: 1936-1975  After he gained power: – Oppressed his enemies – Faced a starving nation

24. Franco’s Rule  Created a dictatorship  Known as El Caudillo  Turned the press, radio, literature, painting, and film into propaganda tools

25. Civil War Erupts in Spain  Republicans overthrow monarchy. Francisco Franco  1936- Fascist Francisco Franco raises army to take control of govt. NATIONALISTS.  Hitler & Mussolini send troops, tanks, airplanes to Franco’s troops  NATIONALISTS.  1939- Franco becomes dictator.

26. Dictator Comparisons Differences  Stalin was Communist  Mussolini, Hitler, and Stalin banned churches – Franco revitalized the Catholic Church Similarities  Mussolini, Hitler, and Franco were Fascist  All four dictators – rebuilt the economy – Censored all opposition – Limited art movements – Absolute power over the country  Soviets and Nazis had electoral majority support  Stalin, Hitler, and Mussolini had youth programs to increase nationalism and loyalty to the state