2. AP Biology AP Biology John D. O’Bryant School of Mathematics and Science September 21, 2012

3. AP Biology Agenda  Do Now (Quiz)  Gifted, Young and Neglected  Cells and Organelles  Lecture/Discussion  Video clip: Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Membrane  Video clip: Organelles in the Cytoplasm

4. AP Biology Do Now (Quiz)  1. Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for why unsaturated fatty acids help keep any membrane more fluid at lower temperatures?  A) The double bonds form kinks in the fatty acid tails, forcing adjacent lipids to be further apart. B) Unsaturated fatty acids have a higher cholesterol content and therefore more cholesterol in membranes. C) Unsaturated fatty acids permit more water in the interior of the membrane. D) The double bonds block interaction among the hydrophilic head groups of the lipids. E) The double bonds result in shorter fatty acid tails and thinner membranes.

5. AP Biology Do Now (Quiz)  2. Which of the following is a major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells?  A) the evolution of larger cells after the evolution of smaller cells B) the difference in plasma membranes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes C) the evolution of eukaryotes after the evolution of prokaryotes D) the need for a surface area of sufficient area to allow the cell's function E) the observation that longer cells usually have greater cell volume

6. AP Biology Do Now (Quiz)  3. A mycoplasma is an organism with a diameter between 0.1 and 1.0 µm. What does its size tell you about how it might be classified?  A) It must be a single celled protist. B) It must be a single celled fungus. C) It could be almost any typical bacterium. D) It could be a typical virus. E) It could be a very small bacterium.

7. AP Biology Do Now (Quiz)  4. In animal cells, hydrolytic enzymes are packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which of the following organelles functions in this compartmentalization?  A) chloroplast B) lysosome C) central vacuole D) peroxisome E) glyoxysome

8. AP Biology Do Now (Quiz)  5. Which of the following is a compartment that often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell?  A) lysosome B) vacuole C) mitochondrion D) Golgi apparatus E) peroxisome

9. AP Biology Do Now (Quiz)  6. Which is one of the main energy transformers of cells?  A) lysosome B) vacuole C) mitochondrion D) Golgi apparatus E) peroxisome

10. AP Biology Do Now (Quiz)  7. Grana, thylakoids, and stroma are all components found in  A) vacuoles. B) chloroplasts. C) mitochondria. D) lysosomes. E) nuclei.

11. AP Biology 2009- 2010 Cells & Cell Organelles Doing Life’s Work

12. AP Biology Food & water storage plant cells contractile vacuole animal cells central vacuole food vacuole

13. AP Biology cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals cytoplasm  jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles  transport inside cells  storage

14. AP Biology Lysosomes small food particle vacuole digesting food lysosomes  Function  digest food  used to make energy  clean up & recycle  digest broken organelles  Structure  membrane sac of digestive enzymes digesting broken organelles

15. AP Biology A Job for Lysosomes 15 weeks 6 weeks

16. AP Biology lysosome  food digestion  garbage disposal & recycling cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals cytoplasm  jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles  transport inside cells  storage

17. AP Biology  Function  make ATP energy from cellular respiration  sugar + O 2  ATP  fuels the work of life  Structure  double membrane Mitochondria in both animal & plant cells ATP

18. AP Biology lysosome  food digestion  garbage disposal & recycling cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals cytoplasm  jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles  transport inside cells  storage mitochondria  make ATP energy from sugar + O 2

19. AP Biology  Mitochondria  make energy from sugar + O 2  cellular respiration  sugar + O 2  ATP  Chloroplasts  make energy + sugar from sunlight  photosynthesis  sunlight + CO 2  ATP & sugar  ATP = active energy  sugar = stored energy build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugars Plants make energy two ways! ATP sugar ATP

20. AP Biology Mitochondria are in both cells!! animal cells plant cells mitochondria chloroplast

21. AP Biology central vacuole  storage: food, water or waste mitochondria  make ATP in cellular respiration chloroplast  make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis lysosome  digestion & clean up cell wall  support cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals cytoplasm  jelly-like material around organelles

22. AP Biology 2. Cells need workers = proteins!  Making proteins  to run daily life & growth, the cell must…  read genes (DNA)  build proteins  structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws)  enzymes (speed up chemical reactions)  signals (hormones) & receptors  organelles that do this work…  nucleus  ribosomes  endoplasmic reticulum (ER)  Golgi apparatus

23. AP Biology Proteins do all the work! cellsDNAproteins one of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because… one of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because… proteins do all the work! signals structural enzymes receptors

24. AP Biology Nucleus  Function  control center of cell  protects DNA  instructions for building proteins  Structure  nuclear membrane  nucleolus  ribosome factory  chromosomes  DNA

25. AP Biology cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals cytoplasm  jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles  transport inside cells  storage mitochondria  make ATP energy from sugar + O 2 nucleus  protects DNA  controls cell chromosomes  DNA lysosome  food digestion  garbage disposal & recycling nucleolus  produces ribosomes

26. AP Biology Ribosomes on ER Ribosomes  Function  protein factories  read instructions to build proteins from DNA  Structure  some free in cytoplasm  some attached to ER

27. AP Biology cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals cytoplasm  jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles  transport inside cells  storage mitochondria  make ATP energy from sugar + O 2 nucleus  protects DNA  controls cell ribosomes  build proteins nucleolus  produces ribosomes lysosome  food digestion  garbage disposal & recycling

28. AP Biology  Function  works on proteins  helps complete the proteins after ribosome builds them  makes membranes  Structure  rough ER  ribosomes attached  works on proteins  smooth ER  makes membranes Endoplasmic Reticulum

29. AP Biology lysosome  food digestion  garbage disposal & recycling cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals cytoplasm  jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles  transport inside cells  storage mitochondria  make ATP energy from sugar + O 2 nucleus  protects DNA  controls cell ribosomes  builds proteins ER  works on proteins  makes membranes

30. AP Biology transport vesicles vesicles carrying proteins  Function  finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins  like UPS headquarters  shipping & receiving department  ships proteins in vesicles  “UPS trucks”  Structure  membrane sacs Golgi Apparatus

31. AP Biology cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals cytoplasm  jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles  transport inside cells  storage mitochondria  make ATP energy from sugar + O 2 nucleus  protects DNA  controls cell ribosomes  builds proteins ER  helps finish proteins  makes membranes Golgi apparatus  finishes, packages & ships proteins lysosome  food digestion  garbage disposal & recycling

32. AP Biology DNA RNA ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum vesicle Golgi apparatus vesicle protein on its way! protein finished protein Making Proteins TO: nucleus

33. AP Biology End 9/21