1. Unit 1 Intro to Chemistry and Measurement Intro to Chemistry and Physics Mr. Patel SWHS

2. Topic Outline Learn Major Elements and Symbols Intro to Chemistry (1.1, 1.2) Significant Figures (3.1) Measurement (3.1, 3.2) Factor-Label Method of Conversions (3.3)

3. Intro to Chemistry Matter – anything that has mass and occupies space Chemistry – study of the composition of matter and the changes it undergoes

4. Intro to Chemistry Chemistry affects all aspects of life and other natural events! – Food Digestion – Leaves changing colors – Muscle contraction – Driving cars

5. Intro to Chemistry Five different areas or branches of chemistry

6. Organic Chemistry Study of all chemicals containing carbon

7. Inorganic Chemistry Study of chemicals that do not contain carbon

8. Biochemistry Study of processes that occur in living things

9. Analytical Chemistry Study that focuses on the composition of matter

10. Physical Chemistry Area that deals with the rate, mechanism, and energy transfer of chemistry

11. Types of Research Pure Chemistry – increase chemical knowledge Applied Chemistry – goal oriented

12. History of Chemistry Alchemy - change other metals to gold Lavoisier – Father of Modern Chemistry – Observation to measurement

13. Scientific Method

14. Significant Figures Sometimes we estimate numbers – If we measure between 9.8 and 9.9, we may say it is 9.85. – We know that the 9 and 8 are definite; 5 is estimated. Discuss accuracy/precision later Significant Figures – the digits from a measurement that are known precisely plus an estimated digit

15. Measurement Measurement – quantity with a number and unit Accuracy – how close you are to the true value Precision – how close your measurements are to one another

17. Scientific Notation Used for very large or very small numbers Converts a single number to a product of two numbers – Ex: 8000  8 x 10 3 – Ex: 0.234  2.34 x 10 -1

18. Scientific Notation Practice 1.252 2.125000 3.0.00305 4.0.00000000548 1.2.52 x 10 2 2.1.25 x 10 5 3.3.05 x 10 -3 4.5.48 x 10 -9

19. International System of Units (SI) Five SI base units: – meter (length) – kilogram (mass) – Kelvin (temperature) – Second (time) – Mole (amount)

20. Metric Conversions Kilo -k10 3 1000 BASE10 0 1 Deci -d10 -1 0.1 Centi -c10 -2 0.01 Milli -m10 -3 0.001

21. Factor-Label Method Write down starting and ending unit Write all relevant conversion factors Cancel units to get to end unit – To cancel a unit, the unit must be on the top and bottom

22. Conversion Examples

23. Presenting Data Data – numbers obtained or observations made during the experiment Organize data so that it is easier to read Organize data with graphs and tables

24. Data Tables Simplest way to organize data Purpose: to show pure data. Table has a Title, category titles, and units.

25. Bar Graph Purpose: compare a set of measurements

26. Circle Graph Purpose: to show parts out of a whole Circle Graph has a title, axis labels, and bars that show data

27. Line Graphs These lines are very important: slope slope = Rise/Run Proportional graphs Inverse graphs Always has Title, Axis Labels with units, any relationships.

29. Variables Independent Variable – what is being changed by the researcher – Always along the x-axis of a graph (horizontal) – Time is usually always independent variable – This will cause something to happen

30. Variables Dependent Variable – the factor that is changing because of what the researcher changed – Always along the y-axis on a graph (vertical) – This is the response to the independent variable

31. Correlation Line Graphs can show a positive or negative correlation. This is correlation NOT causation – We can not say one thing causes another – One thing may lead to another