1. BIOTECHNOLOGY

2. DNA Fingerprinting (Profiling)

3. Steps to DNA Fingerprinting (Profiling)
DNA is extracted from sample (skin, blood, etc.)
DNA is “cut” with restriction enzymes to make different length pieces (restriction fragment length polymorphisms – rflps)

4. fragments are then separated using gel electrophoresis
Electrophoresis Simulation Website

5. The gel is stained or Xrays taken, producing an obvious band of fragments resembling bar codes on products

8. DNA fingerprints can be used to...
diagnose genetic disorders and identify carriers

10. analyze evidence at crime scenes (some placed in CODIS-Combined DNA Index System)
evidence of paternity
personal identity

12. Measure the Agar Powder

13. Dissolve the Powder and Heat

14. Casting the Tray

15. Loading the Wells

16. X-raying the Gel

17. Finished X-Ray of Gel

18. Complete the Gel Electrophoresis Virtual Lab!

19. Recombinant DNA (rDNA)
DNA from two organisms are combined
gene from one organism is spliced into another one

20. Uses of Recombinant DNA
manufacture of insulin manufacture of Factor VIII
manufacture of HGH (human growth hormone)

21. TPA for dissolving blood clots (for patients that have had heart attacks)
vaccines such as for hepatitis B and Gardasil (the genes for virus proteins are inserted into yeast)

22. medication that stimulates growth of bone marrow after a bone marrow transplant
anti-cancer medications

23. GM (genetically modified) food crops
In 2006, a total of 252 million acres of transgenic crops were planted in 22 countries by 10.3 million farmers!

24. most GM food crops are insect-resistant, drought-resistant, etc.
some GM foods are engineered to have increased levels of vitamins, such as golden rice

25. Are you eating GM foods?
More than 60% of food products on grocery shelves contain some crop that has been genetically modified!
For example, 81% of the soybean products are GM
60% of canola products are from GM canola plants

26. Are you wearing GM plant products?
71% of the cotton used in textiles is GM
(cottonseed oil can also be found in salad dressing, peanut butter, crackers, cookies, and other foods)

27. How do you find out about the government’s regulations on GM products?
Get information from the government’s web site at

28. genetically engineered bacteria to clean oil spills
larger amounts of ethanol for fuel (biofuel)

29. transgenic animals in the future could be used for organ transplantation

31. Complete the Bacterial Transformation Virtual Lab!!

32. CLONING Organisms with identical DNA are clones
Identical twins are clones
Plants produced by “rooting” are clones

33. Some animals are cloned when they are damaged and divided, such as earthworms or starfish
We have cloned some animals are artificial means

34. Who Was Dolly?

35. In 1997, British scientists successfully cloned a sheep by transferring the nucleus from the cell of an adult sheep into the cytoplasm of an eunucleated fertilized egg. The egg was then transplanted into the uterus of a surrogate mother where it developed like a normal zygote into a lamb, which grew into a normal adult sheep called 'Dolly'

37. Nuclear Transfer

38. Benefits of Cloning Survival of endangered species a gaur is an
endangered animal
in Asia and has
been successfully
cloned

39. Maintenance of high quality livestock for food
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, in 2008, concluded that “edible products from normal, healthy clones or their progeny do not appear to pose increased food consumption risks relative to comparable products from conventional animals.”

40. Economical importance – cloning favorite pets is expensive
Cc (Carbon Copy)

41. Genetics Savings and Clone was a company that cloned pets for $50,000
Without many customers, the company closed

42. Statement issued 4/2/09 by the BioTechnology Industry Organization
“The biotechnology industry has developed and commercialized more than 300 drugs and diagnostics that are helping more than 325 million people worldwide and another 400 or so products are in the pipeline.”  

43. The Human Genome Project
Project goals were to
identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA
determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA

44. store this information in databases
improve tools for data analysis
address the ethical, legal, and social issues that may arise from the project

45. Francis Collins from
the publicly-funded
Human Genome
Project and J. Craig
Venter, head of the
private company Celera
Genomics, jointly
announce a working
draft of the human
genome

46. Gene Therapy

47. Inserting foreign genes into a person to correct a defect
Can be used to kill cancer cells

49. Potential cures for genetic disorders such as hemophilia

51. Or for
cystic
fibrosis

52. In 1990, Ashanti
de Silva was the
first person to be
cured with gene
therapy; cured of
ADA deficiency (an
immune system
disorder)

53. STEM CELLS
Undifferentiated cells that have the genes to become any type of cell of that organism
Primarily found in embryos, but can also be found in adults, such as stem cells in the bone marrow that divide to make all blood cells

54. If cells can be induced to differentiate into a specific type of cell, they can be used to repair damage, such as people with permanent spinal cord injuries or potentially treat Parkinson’s

57. SELECTIVE BREEDING
Artificially selecting and breeding organisms with a desired trait
Most domesticated animals and crops are selectively bred

60. Hybridization is a type of selective breeding often used in plants
Hybrids are made by breeding organisms that show strong selection for two different traits to produce offspring that produce both traits
Offspring are often hardier than the parents; called hybrid vigor