1. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages? 5.2What are the factors affecting factors affecting agricultural agricultural production? production? Part A

2. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages? What is agriculture? Cotton swabs Fruit salad Steak Hide briefcase Where do these products come from? They all come from agriculture.

3. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages? What is agriculture? Agriculture refers to the growing of crops or rearing of livestock by people for ______ and ______________. There are five ways to classify agriculture. 1 Inputs-land ratio/Outputs-land ratio 5 Level of technology Agriculture foodraw materials

4. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages? How to classify agriculture? What is agriculture? 1 Inputs-land ratio/Outputs-land ratio Intensive farmingHigh input and output per land area Extensive farmingLow input and output per land area 2 Types of output Arable farmingCrop growing Livestock rearing/ Pastoral farming Animal raising Mixed farmingCrop growing and animal raising on the same farm 3 Uses of outputs Subsistence farmingFor self-consumption Commercial farmingFor sale

5. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages? How to classify agriculture? What is agriculture? 4 Permanence of farmland or pasture used Sedentary farmingFarmers grow crops or raise livestock at a permanent land site Non-sedentary farmingFarmers move from time to time in search of suitable land or pasture 5 Level of technology Low-technology farming Farming activity uses low technology and little energy High-technology farming Farming activity is specialized, highly mechanized and commercialized

6. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages? How to classify agriculture? Let’s use the above criteria to classify the following types of agriculture. 1 Inputs-land ratio/Outputs-land ratio Intensive farming Extensive farming 2 Types of output Arable farming Livestock rearing/Pastoral farming Mixed farming 3 Uses of output Subsistence farming Commercial farming 4 Permanence of farmland or pasture used Sedentary farming Non-sedentary farming 5 Level of technology Low-technology farming High-technology farming Shifting agriculture (Credit: Mark Edwards/Still Pictures)

7. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages? How to classify agriculture? 1 Inputs-land ratio/Outputs-land ratio Intensive farming Extensive farming 2 Types of output Arable farming Livestock rearing/Pastoral farming Mixed farming 3 Uses of output Subsistence farming Commercial farming 4 Permanence of farmland or pasture used Sedentary farming Non-sedentary farming 5 Level of technology Low-technology farming High-technology farming Nomadic herding Nomadic herding in Kenya (Credit: Robin Hutton)

8. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages? How to classify agriculture? 1 Inputs-land ratio/Outputs-land ratio Intensive farming Extensive farming 2 Types of output Arable farming Livestock rearing/Pastoral farming Mixed farming 3 Uses of output Subsistence farming Commercial farming 4 Permanence of farmland or pasture used Sedentary farming Non-sedentary farming 5 Level of technology Low-technology farming High-technology farming Wheat-sheep farming in south-east Australia (Credit: Nigel Dickinson/Still Pictures)

9. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages? How to classify agriculture? 1 Inputs-land ratio/Outputs-land ratio Intensive farming Extensive farming 2 Types of output Arable farming Livestock rearing/Pastoral farming Mixed farming 3 Uses of output Subsistence farming Commercial farming 4 Permanence of farmland or pasture used Sedentary farming Non-sedentary farming 5 Level of technology Low-technology farming High-technology farming Rice cultivation in Indonesia (Credit: Morton Beebe/Corbis)

10. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages? How to classify agriculture? 1 Inputs-land ratio/Outputs-land ratio Intensive farming Extensive farming 2 Types of output Arable farming Livestock rearing/Pastoral farming Mixed farming 3 Uses of output Subsistence farming Commercial farming 4 Permanence of farmland or pasture used Sedentary farming Non-sedentary farming 5 Level of technology Low-technology farming High-technology farming Vegetable growing in greenhouses (Credit: Biosphoto/Thiriet Claudius/Peter Arnold, Inc.)

11. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages? How to classify agriculture? 1 Inputs-land ratio/Outputs-land ratio Intensive farming Extensive farming 2 Types of output Arable farming Livestock rearing/Pastoral farming Mixed farming 3 Uses of output Subsistence farming Commercial farming 4 Permanence of farmland or pasture used Sedentary farming Non-sedentary farming 5 Level of technology Low-technology farming High-technology farming Livestock rearing in South China (Credit: Sun Rixaun/FOTOE)

12. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages? What is a farming system? A farm can be viewed as a system, which has _______, ___________ and ________. inputs processesoutputs Inputs Processes Outputs Self-consumption Market Cash

13. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages? In Part B, we will examine the factors affecting agriculture.

14. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages? Inputs of a farming system Physical inputs Arable farming Land (including soil) Seeds Water Climate (e.g. temperature, rainfall)

15. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages? Inputs of a farming system Physical inputs Pastoral farming Climate (e.g. temperature, rainfall) Water Livestock Pasture Land

16. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages? Inputs of a farming system Cultural inputs Labour Technology/ Capital Technology/ Capital Government Market Transport (Credit: Ng Kim Hung)

17. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages? Processes of a farming system Ploughing Sowing Irrigating Harvesting Weeding, fertilizing and pest control Arable farming

18. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages? Processes of a farming system Pastoral farming Sheep shearing Breeding Grazing Milking, feeding and processing dairy products

19. © Oxford University Press 2009 Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages? Outputs of a farming system Useful outputs Wheat Tomato Lettuce Beef Useless outputs Useless parts of crops and animal manure Can you name a kind of waste which is harmful to the environment? Sesame