1. Functions of the Nucleus 1. Role in cell division. 2. Influences cytoplasmic events. 3. Contains codes for protein synthesis.

2. Nuclear Membrane 1. double bilayer outer + inner membranes = nuclear envelope

3. 2. nuclear pore complexes a. nuclear pores b. exhibit selective permeability c. RNA needs to exit the nucleus d. proteins enter nucleus to regulate the DNA

4. Nucleolus ribosomes are built here ribosome subunits exit nucleus through nuclear pores

5. Ribosomes substructures that are the “protein factories” of the cell A. Can be free or attached B. Not membrane-bound made of rRNA and protein

6. Endoplasmic Reticulum A. Network of membrane-bound channels (tubules) - the interior of the tubules is segregated from the rest of the cytoplasm

7. B. Two types of ER rough and smooth both types are continuous with each other (and the nuclear envelope)

8. 1. Rough ER a. ribosomes attached to outer surface b. protein synthesis (often for export)

9. 2. Smooth ER a. lacks attached ribosomes b. lipid synthesis c. detoxification

10. Golgi Apparatus Processing and packaging plant

11. Golgi Apparatus Products packaged into vesicles for: insertion into the cell membrane secretion from cell (secretory vesicles) incorporation into lysosome

12. Lysosomes Can destroy harmful substances Can digest food particles Remove worn out organelles Must remain membrane-bound

13. Contain digestive enzymes 1. from ribosomes on RER 2. packaged in the Golgi

15. Apoptosis: programmed cell death - takes energy to maintain the integrity of lysosome membranes

16. Mitochondria Convert nutrient energy into ATP

17. Chloroplasts Have a double membrane (like mitochondria) 1. thylakoids 2. stroma

18. Chloroplasts and mitochondria share similar characteristics have their own circular DNA produced by division of existing ones

19. Cell Walls