1. Cellular Structure
Cell Biology / Genetics
Mr. Foster

2. Components of Cells Nucleus- 2. Outer Boundary-
3. Cytoplasm/Organelles- cellular contents and specialized structures that carry out functions of the cell

3. Nucleus Prokaryote- cell w/o nucleus Eukaryote- cell with nucleus
(DNA in neucleoid)
Eukaryote- cell with nucleus
Functions
Contains genetic inform.
Control Center- directs all cellular activity

4. Nucleus (cont.) Structure / Components-
Nuclear envelope- regulate what enters and leaves nucleus (Nuclear pores)
Nucleolus-makes ribosomes
Genetic Material- DNA
Chromatin – DNA uncoiled, threadlike, Not Divisional
Chromosomes –DNA is condensed, Divisional
Nucleoplasm -fluid inside nucleus
Clicker ?’s 1-5

5. Outer Boundary
Cell membrane-lipid bilayer with embedded proteins forming a selective boundary
All cells have a cell membrane
Cell wall –
Plants and bacteria

6. Cell Membrane (cont.) Structure- Fluid Mosaic Model Phospholipids
Phospholipid bilayer
forms membrane
Phosphate- likes H2O (hydrophilic)
Lipid- does not like H2O (hydrophobic)

7. Cell Membrane (cont.) Structure (cont.) Clicker ?’s 6-9 2. Proteins
Integral Proteins - embedded in phospholipid bilayer
Peripheral protein –
not embedded in bilayer
Clicker ?’s 6-9

8. Cell Membrane (cont.) Structure (cont.)
3. Carbohydrates - attach to proteins (glycoprotein) or lipids (glycolipid)
Cell surface carbs
communication –
recognize cell type

9. Cell Membrane (cont.) Structure (cont.)
4. Cytoskeleton –supports the membrane
a. microfilaments -strength, anchor cells
b. microtubules – mvmt.
c. intermediate filaments –not always present, a lot in skin, strong framework
(Disease where cells collapse: pg 31)

10. Cytoskeleton Functions Clicker ?’s 10-13 Support and protect cell
Communicate with other cells
Controls mvmt. of materials in and out of cell.
Selectively Permeable

11. Cell Transport
Passive – energy not required to move material across membrane
Diffusion – molecules move from high to low concentration to reach equilibrium
Osmosis – type of diffusion involving H2O molecules only

12. Cell Transport (cont.)
Active – Energy required to move materials across membrane
Low to High concentration
Ion pumps/Channels- Cl-, Na+, K+, Ca+
Endocytosis / Exocytosis –
membrane forms pockets to
move material

13. Ion pumps

14. Endocytosis / Exocytosis
Clicker ?’s 14-17
Endocytosis / Exocytosis

15. Cytoplasm / Organelles
Cytoplasm – space between nucleus and cell membrane
Cytosol – semitransparent; jellylike substance that surrounds organelles
Organelles – “little organ”

16. Organelles Smooth or Rough? Endoplasmic Reticulum- Types of ER
Transports materials through inside of cell
Modifies proteins and quality control center
Types of ER
Rough ER
Has ribosome attached
Proteins to be sent outside cell
Smooth ER
No ribosomes
Make lipids, detox cell
Smooth or Rough?

17. Organelles (cont.)
Ribosome-
Synthesize proteins
Free vs. attached

18. Organelles (cont.) Mitochondria Provides energy for the cell ATP
Cellular respiration
Own DNA
Endosymbiont Theory
Free living organism that
entered a relationship w/
Nucleated cells
Inherited from mother only
Folds increase surface
area

19. Organelles (cont.) Clicker ? 18-22 What is this?
Golgi Apparatus - (Golgi bodies) modifies, sorts, and ships proteins in packages called vesicles.

20. Organelles (cont.) Lysosomes
Membrane bounded sacs that contain enzymes
Clean up cell
Lysosomal Storage disease
(Tay Sachs)- missing the
enzyme that breaks down the
lipid that surrounds the nerve
cell
Buries the nervous system

22. Organelles (cont.) Peroxisomes Sac that contain enzymes
that detoxifies harmful
products
H2O H2O
Alcohol
Abundant in liver cells

23. Organelles (cont.) Clicker ? 23-26 Centrioles Composed of microtubules
Contained in specialized
region = centrosome
Function in cell division
Organize spindle fibers