1. Myers’ Psychology for AP* David G. Myers *AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, © 2010

2. Unit 7B: Cognition: Thinking, Problem Solving, Creativity, and Language

3. Unit Overview Thinking Language Thinking and Language Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

4. Introduction Cognition (thinking)Cognition Cognitive psychologists

5. Thinking

6. Concepts –Category hierarchies –prototypeprototype

7. Solving Problems Strategies Algorithms –Step-by-step Heuristic Insight

8. Solving Problems Creativity Creativity Strernberg’s five components –Expertise –Imaginative thinking skills –A venturesome personality –Intrinsic motivation –A creative environment

9. Solving Problems Obstacles to Problem Solving Confirmation bias Fixation –Mental setMental set –Functional fixednessFunctional fixedness

10. Solving Problems Obstacles to Problem Solving Confirmation bias Fixation –Mental setMental set –Functional fixednessFunctional fixedness

11. Making Decisions and Forming Judgments Using and Misusing Heuristics The Representative Heuristic

12. Making Decisions and Forming Judgments Using and Misusing Heuristics The Availability Heuristic

13. Making Decisions and Forming Judgments Overconfidence Overconfidence

14. Making Decisions and Forming Judgments The Belief Perseverance Phenomenon Belief perseverance –Consider the opposite

15. Making Decisions and Forming Judgments The Perils and Powers of Intuition Intuition –Unconscious intuition

16. Making Decisions and Forming Judgments The Effects of Framing Framing –Framing experiments

17. Language

18. Language Introduction Language

19. Language Structure Phonemes Phoneme Smallest distinctive sound unit –English about 40 phonemes –Learning another language’s phonemes Chat – ch, a, t

20. Phonemes Within a language, changes in Phonemes produce changes in meaning. Varying the vowel sound between b and t creates 12 different meanings – Bait, bat, beat, beet, bet, bit, boot, bought, bout, but, bite, boat

21. Language Structure Morphemes Morpheme –Includes prefixes and suffixes Pre ed

22. Language Structure Grammar Grammar – system of rulesGrammar –Semantics – set of rules we use to derive meaning from morphemes, words, and even sentences (ed = past)Semantics –Syntax – rules we use to order words in sentences (white house or casa blanca)Syntax

23. Language Development When Do We Learn Language? Receptive language – ability to comprehend language Productive language- ability to produce words –Babbling stage –Babbling stage –One-word stageOne-word stage –Two-word stageTwo-word stage –Telegraphic speechTelegraphic speech

24. Language Development When Do We Learn Language?

30. Language Development Explaining Language Development Skinner: Operant Learning –Learning principles Association (of the sights of things with the sounds of words) Imitation ( of the words and syntax modeled by others) Reinforcement (with smiles and hugs when the child says something right)

31. Language Development Explaining Language Development Chomsky: Inborn Universal Grammar –Language acquisition device Switchbox Understand/produce language –Universal grammar All human languages therefore have the same grammatical building blocks (nouns, verbs, subjects)

32. Language Development Explaining Language Development Statistical Learning and Critical Periods –Statistical learning –Critical (sensitive) period

33. Thinking and Language

34. Language Influences Thinking Whorf’s linguistic determinismlinguistic determinism –Language determines how we think Bilingual advantage Learn to inhibit one language while using the other

35. Thinking in Images Implicit memory

36. The End

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38. Teacher Information Hyperlink Slides - This presentation contain two types of hyperlinks. Hyperlinks can be identified by the text being underlined and a different color (usually purple). – Unit subsections hyperlinks: Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (slide #3) can be found listing all of the unit’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick access to each subsection. – Bold print term hyperlinks: Every bold print term from the unit is included in this presentation as a hyperlink. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of the hyperlinks will take the user to a slide containing the formal definition of the term. Clicking on the “arrow” in the bottom left corner of the definition slide will take the user back to the original point in the presentation. These hyperlinks were included for teachers who want students to see or copy down the exact definition as stated in the text. Most teachers prefer the definitions not be included to prevent students from only “copying down what is on the screen” and not actively listening to the presentation. For teachers who continually use the Bold Print Term Hyperlinks option, please contact the author using the email address on the next slide to learn a technique to expedite the returning to the original point in the presentation.

39. Teacher Information Continuity slides – Throughout this presentation there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes. By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts. By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation. To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides. Please feel free to contact me at kkorek@germantown.k12.wi.us with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations.kkorek@germantown.k12.wi.us Kent Korek Germantown High School Germantown, WI 53022 262-253-3400 kkorek@germantown.k12.wi.us

40. Division title (green print) subdivision title ( blue print) xxx –xxx

41. Division title (green print) subdivision title ( blue print) Use this slide to add a table, chart, clip art, picture, diagram, or video clip. Delete this box when finished

42. Definition Slide = add definition here

43. Definition Slides

44. Cognition = the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

45. Concept = a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

46. Prototype = a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).

47. Algorithm = a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier – but also more error-prone – use of heuristics.

48. Heuristic = a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.

49. Insight = a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

50. Creativity = the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.

51. Confirmation Bias = a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

52. Fixation = the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.

53. Mental Set = a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

54. Functional Fixedness = the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.

55. Representativeness Heuristic = judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.

56. Availability Heuristic = estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

57. Overconfidence = the tendency to be more confident that correct – to over-estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

58. Belief Perseverance = clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they are formed has been discredited.

59. Intuition = an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.

60. Framing = the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

61. Language = our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

62. Phoneme = in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

63. Morpheme = in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).

64. Grammar = in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.

65. Semantics = the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.

66. Syntax = the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.

67. Babbling Stage = beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.

68. One-word Stage = the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.

69. Two-word Stage = beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements.

70. Telegraphic Speech = early speech state in which a child speaks like a telegram – “go car” – using mostly nouns and verbs.

71. Linguistic Determinism = Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think.