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Being oldie..….. Don’t criticize the coffee; you too may be old and weak yourself someday
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The cascade of Falls, Osteoporosis, Fractures, Rehabilitation Geriatric syndromes ImmobilityInstabilityIncontinence Intellectual decline Isolation Inanition (malnutrition)
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CONCEPTUAL MODELS: HEALTH & ILLNESS 1. BIOMEDICAL: Focuses on disease. 2. BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL: Focuses on function and well- being
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סיפורי סבתא: 1. ב.א., הסבתא האישית שלי בת 81, אלמנה, מתפקדת עם מעט עזרה מהמשפחה הקרובה, לא לחלוטין צלולה, משתמשת במקל הליכה "בגלל רגליים חלשות", שולטת חלקית על סוגר השתן ברקע: סוכרת, יתר לחץ דם, מחלת לב איסקמית, אי ספיקת לב, כאבי עצמות ומפרקים שסוכמו כאוסתיאוארתריטיס ואוסטיאופורוזיס, ירידה בראיה וסיפור רצנטי של שתי נפילות תרופות: נוגדי כאבים, משלשלים, כדורי שינה, סולפונילאוריאה, חוסמי האנזים המהפך, חוסמי סידן, משתנים, תכשירי סידן, ויטמינים הקטסטרופה: נפלה בלילה בדרכה לשירותים, פונתה בבוקר
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Diagnostic work-up: Physical examination Lab tests Holter - ECG Echocardiography Duplex carotids CT brain EEG NORMAL NORMAL
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איך קרה שסבתא שוב נפלה? כללית: בת 81, אלמנה, מתפקדת עם מעט עזרה מהמשפחה הקרובה, ירידה קוגניטיבית קלה-מתונה, משתמשת במקל הליכה בגלל חולשה ברגליים, שולטת חלקית על סוגר השתן רפואית: סוכרת, יתר לחץ דם, מחלת לב איסקמית, אי ספיקת לב, אירוע מוחי חולף, כאבי עצמות ומפרקים, ירידת ראיה, וסיפור רצנטי של שתי נפילות תרופתית: נוגדי כאבים, משלשלים, כדורי שינה, סולפונילאוריאה, חוסמי האנזים המהפך, חוסמי סידן, משתנים, תכשירי סידן+די, ויטמינים נסיבתית: נפילה בליילה, בזמן נסיון להגיע לשירותים איך קרה שסבתא שוב נפלה? כללית: בת 81, אלמנה, מתפקדת עם מעט עזרה מהמשפחה הקרובה, ירידה קוגניטיבית קלה-מתונה, משתמשת במקל הליכה בגלל חולשה ברגליים, שולטת חלקית על סוגר השתן רפואית: סוכרת, יתר לחץ דם, מחלת לב איסקמית, אי ספיקת לב, אירוע מוחי חולף, כאבי עצמות ומפרקים, ירידת ראיה, וסיפור רצנטי של שתי נפילות תרופתית: נוגדי כאבים, משלשלים, כדורי שינה, סולפונילאוריאה, חוסמי האנזים המהפך, חוסמי סידן, משתנים, תכשירי סידן+די, ויטמינים נסיבתית: נפילה בליילה, בזמן נסיון להגיע לשירותים
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Causes of falls: Intrinsic (cns, pns, vision, proprioception, musculoskeletal etc.) Extrinsic (environmental, medications) Circumstantial
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Falls are markers of general health condition Incidence: 33% of ≥75y / year Falls are markers of general health condition Incidence: 33% of ≥75y / year
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Frailty Loss of physiologic reserve that makes a person susceptible to disability from minor stresses. Loss of physiologic reserve that makes a person susceptible to disability from minor stresses.
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Formalized phenotype: definition and validation of the clinical syndrome of frailty Multiple (3-5/5) criteria present: Weight loss WeaknessExhaustion Slowed walking speed Low activity
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Premises of Frailty Conference Frailty is a biologic and physiologic syndrome associated with aging Frailty is a result of multisystem dysregulation The hallmark of frailty is enhanced vulnerability to stressors The clinical presentation of frailty is definable and may appear subsequent to the development of physiologic vulnerability.
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Sarcopenia A process of gradual loss of muscle mass and strength mass and strength Reduced force production 25-30%, more rapid Reduced force production 25-30%, more rapid after 70, Lower extremities > upper after 70, Lower extremities > upper(2SD)
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A fall is a major event in the life of an older person
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Aging Clin Exp Res. 2002 Feb;14(1):18-27. Falls: a comparison of trends in community, hospital and mortality data in older Australians. There is a clear age-related effect, with those in the 85-year and older age group having a falls-related mortality rate approximately 40 times that of those aged 65-69 years, and a hospitalization rate 9 times that of those in the 65-69 age group.
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Complications: Trauma: fractures, soft tissue injury, subdural hematoma Long lying: dehydration, pneumonia, pressure ulcers, rhabdomyolysis Confidence: fallphobia, depression, immobility Other: disability, hospitalization Institutionalization
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Fractures 4-6% of falls result in fracture, of which 25% are hip fractures. Other common fractures are: humerus wrist vertebrae ramus pubis ribs
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Cumulative risk of fracture 505560657075808590 Age (years) 0 10 20 30 40 Cumulative risk (%) Fracture Site Hip (women) Vertebral (women) Wrist (women) Hip (men) Vertebral (men) Wrist (men)
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Impaired balance represents a major cause of falls simple tests (unipedal stance, tandem walk, get-up-and-go test) are good predictors of impaired balance and propensity to fall.
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Treatment & Prevention Always try to establish the metabolic bone disorder underlying the fracture. Look for: Osteoporosis Osteomalacia Hyperparathyroidism (1 0, 2 0 ) Paget's disease Malignancy Infection Always try to establish the metabolic bone disorder underlying the fracture. Look for: Osteoporosis Osteomalacia Hyperparathyroidism (1 0, 2 0 ) Paget's disease Malignancy Infection
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Hot topics in osteoporosis treatment Biphosphonates: Duration, efficacy and safety Teriparatide: human parathyroid hormone, (anabolic) Vitamin D: may improve neuromuscular function in elderly who fall, however, there is no evidence that this prevents falls or fractures in the elderly
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Interventions which may reduce hip fracture risk in individuals Keep older people active Regular review of medications Skilled assessment of environment Advice on smoking and alcohol Dietary review - calcium, total nutrients Eye tests
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Small changes can result in major functional gains! Medications Foot wear Walking aides Surface heights Chairs/bed Wall bars Lighting Flooring/mats
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Fields of Geriatric Medicine גריאטריה חריפה גריאטריה סיעוד - מורכב גריאטריה סיעוד פסיכוגריאטריה שיקום גריאטרי POST-ACUTE CARE
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מיטות אשפוז בישראל, 2003 כללי 14349 ברה"נ 5459 שיקום 706 גריאטריה 20560: חריפה 598 שיקומית 1047 סיעודית 14676 פסיכוגריא' 3222
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Major indications for geriatric rehab: stroke hip fracture deconditioning
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REHABILITATION: process & the attitude The restoration of form and function, to the maximal possible level, considering underlying co- morbidities Rehabilitation should be: Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Continuous Focusing on function Geriatric rehabilitation: Comorbidities Multicausal disability Pre-status function
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CONCEPTUAL MODELS: HEALTH & ILLNESS 1. BIOMEDICAL: Focuses on etiological and pathology 2. BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL: Focuses on function and well- being Assessment: Disease: diabetic retinopathy Impairment: visual decline Disability: low level ADL Handicap: probably, not necessarily Disease Impairment Disability Handicap
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: basic termsMeasuring rehabilitation pADL (personal activities of daily living) iADL (instrumental ADL) FMA (functional movement activities)
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FIM : Functional Independence Measure Motor FIM (13 items) Self-care : feeding grooming bathing dressing (upper body) dressing (lower body) toileting sphincter control: bladder management bowel management mobility : transfers, toilet, tub locomotion ; walk, wheelchair, stairs Cognitive FIM (5 items) communication : comprehension, expression social cognition : social interaction problem solving memory Total: 18 items, each score 1-7, range 18-126 Efficacy (delta FIM), Efficiency (delta FIM / length of stay) FIM : Functional Independence Measure Motor FIM (13 items) Self-care : feeding grooming bathing dressing (upper body) dressing (lower body) toileting sphincter control: bladder management bowel management mobility : transfers, toilet, tub locomotion ; walk, wheelchair, stairs Cognitive FIM (5 items) communication : comprehension, expression social cognition : social interaction problem solving memory Total: 18 items, each score 1-7, range 18-126 Efficacy (delta FIM), Efficiency (delta FIM / length of stay)
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Handicap, Disability, Impairment and Disease. Case 1. A.L., 70 year old male 2-year difficulty walking, falls Review of systems and medical history: negative Physical exam: Romberg + pansensory distal loss of sensation, symmetric, flat foot gait with foot slapping Assessment: Handicap disability Impairment Disease Plan:
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Assessment: Handicap = none, disability = difficulty walking and driving. Impairment = lower extremity sensory loss, Disease = peripheral neuropathy, type unknown Plan: PT for gait training, diagnostic work-up of neuropathy
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Handicap, Disability, Impairment and Disease, Case 2 P.K. a 93 year old male. No longer able to walk, dress or feed himself. Wife says he is passive, thinks he is unable to do things by himself. Attendant admits to perform all self care tasks for the patient because he feels sorry for him. Assessment: patient is generally apathetic, but began crying stating" I am old; it's just a downhill battle, what's the use? Physical exam: patient is frail, but is able to stand up and walk independently with a walker in the clinic Assessment: Handicap, Disability, Impairment, Disease Plan
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Assessment: Handicap = severely impaired social role function, Disability = difficulty walking, dressing, self-feeding. Impairment = psychomotor retardation, Disease = depression Plan: start antidepressant therapy, start PT and OT guidance
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