1. Mahler, Chapter 3

2.  Unicameral==> unitary  Bicameral==> federal  Bicameralism reflects the split government nature of the state  İn unitary states, it provides a revising chamber for legislation

3.  The origins of Bicameralism: in the UK  House of Lords entails inheritance  House of commons entails elections

4.  The US ==> The American great compromise ▪ (population vs. units)  Canada ==> Quebec ▪ (population vs. units)  India ==> Colonialism

5.  In terms of power ▪ Canada ==> lower house is more powerful ▪ The US ==> equal ▪ Germany ==> upper house is more powerful ▪ What is the difference between the congress and the senate in the US?

6.  Preference formation and representation  Political parties are the foundation of the legislative actions  Party discipline in the US and Europe ▪ What is party discipline? ▪ Why is it important?

7.  SMDP (Single Member District Plurality ) ▪ The US  PR (Proportional Representation) ▪ Israel

8.  1-Criticism and control of the other branches of the government  2-Debate  3-Lawmaking or legislation  4-Communication with the public, representation, and legitimation  5-Recruitment, education, and socialization  6-Electing the executives  Frontbenchers and Backbenchers

9.  Specialized in issue areas, such as defense, agriculture, and finance  Efficiency through division of labor