1.  Effect of Physical Activity on Reaction Time. Michael Anselmo

2. Introduction  The sensory system is part of the nervous system, and is responsible for processing sensory information.  A sensory system contains sensory receptors, neural pathways, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception.  The five sense include – vision, hearing, somatic sensation (touch), taste, and olfaction (smell).

3. Anatomy of a Neuron  Neurons are the basic functional unit of the nervous system.  Synaptic terminals: Bring chemical signals from other neurons; transmits signals to other neurons.  Dendrites: Receive signals from other neurons.  Cell body: Integrates signals; coordinates metabolic activities.  Axon Hillock: Neuron action potential initiated here.  Axon: Transmits the action potential.  Myelin: Insulates axon, speeds Action potential conduction.

4. How do nerve cells work?  The cell body receives signals from other neurons through its dendrites. That signal is processed within the cell body.  The cell body then initiates an action potential at the axon hillock. The action potential then travels down the axon.  The action potentials signal the release of neurotransmitters from at the synaptic terminals.

5. How do nerve cells produce and transmit signals?  The electrical charge inside a neuron changes during an action potential.  A neurons electrical charge is the result of a voltage difference across the plasma membrane.  When a neuron is not stimulated and inactive, its potential is called the resting potential.

6. Neurons Communicating at Synapses  Signals that either excite or inhibit the next neuron are produced at synapses.  Excitatory and inhibitory signals are integrated in the cell body.  The nervous system uses many neurotransmitters to produce excitatory and inhibitory signals at the synapse.

7. How Does the Nervous System Process Information?  The intensity of a stimulus is coded by the frequency of signals, or action potentials.

8. Sensory Receptors  Sensory receptors relay information from outside the body into to the brain.  Transducer receptor cells receive a stimulus.  When a threshold potential is reached, an action potential occurs.  Stimuli is interpreted based on four aspects, modality, intensity, location, and duration.  The brain interprets information and sends out instructions the rest of the body.

9. Reaction Time  It is the amount of time between the receiving of a stimulus and the body’s reaction the this stimulus.  Reaction time is different for each of the five senses.

10. Physical Activity Effect on Reaction Time.  Studies have been done in order to see if alcohol and age have an effect on a persons reaction time.  In this experiment a subject will undergo a variety of physical activities including running for a mile, push-ups and sit-ups and then will have their reaction time tested.

11. Purpose  To test the effects of physical activity on human reaction time.

12. Hypothesis  Null: Physical activity will not have a significant effect on human reaction time.  Alternative: Physical activity will have a significant effect on human reaction time.

13. Materials  Meter stick  Flat wall  Subject to perform physical activities  Track course to run mile  Person to drop the meter stick

14. Procedure 1. Held the meter stick on the wall with subject’s hand even with the end of the meter stick. 2. Did not speak or distract the subject in any way before dropping the meter stick. 3. Informed the subject to hold their hand against the wall, stopping the meter stick when they see the stick drop. 4. Dropped the meter stick and recorded how many centimeters it dropped before the subject was able to stop the stick. 5. Record the resulting averages and plain results of 35 trials.

15. Procedure 6. After testing the subject regularly, introduce the physical challenges to the study. 7. Instructed the subject run one mile, then repeat steps 1-5. 8. Instructed the subject do 50 push-ups, then repeat steps 1-5. 9. Instructed the subject do 100 sit-ups, then repeat steps 1-5. 10. In order to obtain the most accurate data, perform each of these exercises on 3 different days, then immediately perform the reaction time test. The control of this experiment is the results of the reaction time recorded without any physical activity beforehand.

16. Results TrialControlPush-upsSit-upsMile Run 1 15.311.514.119.1 2 15.811.710.719.6 3 1613.410.118.4 4 16.310.312.316.1 5 16.811.711.618.2 6 15.211.711.516.2 7 16.613.414.316.8 8 15.21310.819.1 9 16.61214.517.8 10 15.510.812.816.8 11 16.312.21216.1 12 16.613.814.720

17. Results TrialControlPush-upsSit-upsMile Run 13 15.510.214.816.8 14 15.313.110.218.5 15 16.311.112.816 16.511.711.119.7 17 15.41312.519.6 18 1511.714.516.5 19 16.110.614.518.8 20 16.813.411.418.2 21 15.610.914.216.1 22 15.213.613.420.5 23 16.911.61420.5 24 16.511.412.219.5

18. Results TrialControlPush-upsSit-upsMile Run 25 16.69.610.919.8 26 16.513.110.820.9 27 16.210.31318.6 28 16.611.610.220.1 29 169.111.619.7 30 15.91112.216.5 31 16.49.612.217.1 32 15.59.710.219.5 33 16.813.511.716.9 34 1712.21220.4 35 16.410.111.516.9 Average 16.211.412.418.5

19. Average of 35 Trials

20. Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY GroupsCountSumAverageVariance Column 135563.216.091430.348454 Column 235407.611.645711.755496 Column 335431.312.322862.195933 Column 435641.318.322862.474756 ANOVA Source of VariationSSdfMSFP-valueF crit Between Groups1049.93349.9666206.63341.88E-502.671178 Within Groups230.33771361.69366 Total1280.237139

21. Dunnett’s Test ComparisonT-valueInterpretation Push-ups to control14.2905 Significant Sit-ups to control12.1139 Significant Mile run to control7.1728 Significant T crit= 2.47

22. Conclusions  ANOVA suggested significant variation, thus warranting the use of a Dunnett’s test to compare each data set to the control. These statistical analyses indicated significant variation.  Thus, the null hypothesis can be rejected for push-ups, sit- ups, and mile run.  In other words, each of these exercises had a significant effect on reaction time.

23. Future Studies  Possible limitations of this study:  Only one subject was used  Subjects of different ages may lead to results that vary  Ways to further this study:  Test different senses  Test subjects of different ethnic backgrounds