1. Conventional “Nonrenewable” Energy

2. Energy Sources
Primary Energy Resources: fossil fuels (oil, gas, and coal), nuclear energy, falling water, geothermal, and solar energy.
Secondary Energy Resources: Sources derived from primary resources such as electricity, fuels from coal, (synthetic natural gas and synthetic gasoline), as well as alcohol fuels.

3. Energy Units and Use
Btu (British thermal unit) - amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water by 1 ºF.
cal (calorie) - amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 ºC. Commonly, kilocalorie (kcal) is used.
1 Btu = 252 cal = kcal
1 Btu = 1055 J (joule) = kJ
1 cal = J

4. Energy Units and Use Units of power: 1 watt (W) = 3.412 Btu / hour
1 horsepower (hp) = 746 W
Watt-hour - Another unit of energy used only to describe electrical energy. Usually we use kilowatt-hour (kW-h) since it is larger.

5. Evaluating Energy Resources
U.S. has 4.6% of world population; uses 24% of the world’s energy;
84% from nonrenewable fossil fuels (oil, coal, & natural gas);
7% from nuclear power;
9% from renewable sources (hydropower, geothermal, solar, biomass).

6. Changes in U.S. Energy Use

7. Energy resources removed from the earth’s crust include: oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium

8. Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels originated from the decay of living organisms millions of years ago
The fossil fuels used in energy generation are:
Natural gas, which is % methane (CH4)
Petroleum
Coal

9. Problems with Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources
Impurities in fossil fuels are a major source of pollution
Burning fossil fuels produce large amounts of CO2

10. COAL
Coal-fossilized plant material preserved in sediments, compacted and condensed over time to create a solid fossil fuel
Made up of:
Carbon
Water, sulfur, mercury and small amounts of radioactive materials
As coal ages, carbon ↑ while water ↓
Carboniferous period (286 million to 360 million years ago).

11. Types of Coal Peat Partially decayed organic matter in swamps and bogs
Lignite (4000 BTU/lb)
Soft, brownish-black coal
Low quality of coal
Subbituminous (8,300 BTU/lb.)
Black lignite
Bituminous (10,500 Btu / lb.)
Dense and black
Most common coal
“soft coal”
Anthracite (14,000 Btu/lb)
98% carbon (less common and more expensive)
“hard coal”

12. PEAT
LIGNITE
garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt

13. BITUMINOUS
ANTHRACITE
garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt

14. Main Coal Deposits

15. Pros and Cons of Coal
Pros:
Most abundant fossil fuel
Major U.S. reserves
High net energy yield
Cons:
High environmental impact
Severe land disturbance in mining
High carbon dioxide (dirtiest fuel)
Sulfur is released primarily as sulfur dioxide
Releases radioactive particles and toxic metals into the atmosphere

16. Negative impact on miners Death
Cons of Coal Cont.
Negative impact on miners
Death
Between 1870 and 1950, more than 30,000 coal miners died of accidents and injuries in Pennsylvania alone.
Black Lung Disease - Inflammation and fibrosis caused by accumulation of coal dust in the lungs or airways.
Several thousands have died of respiratory diseases.

17. Objectives and Warmup: 3/22/11
Discuss the uses and consequences of using coal.
Warmup:
Why do developed countries get the majority of their energy from non-renewable sources? Can this practice continue? For how long?

18. Strip-Mining or Open Pit Mining Topsoil and vegetation is removed
2 types of mining
Strip-Mining or Open Pit Mining
Topsoil and vegetation is removed
Negative impacts
Air quality issues regarding dust
Large amounts of waste material involved
Habitats destroyed/Soil is dumped back to where it was
Toxic runoff

20. Underground Mining-large shafts dug into the earth
Less surface destruction and waste rock produced
Extremely Dangerous
Gas
Inhaling Particulate Matter
Tunnel Collapse
Acid mine drainage

21. Acid Mine Drainage (AMD)
Acid mine drainage-water containing iron and sulfate that contaminates surface and or groundwater
May also contain manganese and aluminum
AMD comes from oxidation of pyrite, the crystalline form of iron sulfide
contaminated water is often reddish-brown in color, indicating high levels of oxidized iron

23. Restoration
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (1977) requires better restoration of strip-mined lands, especially if land classed as prime farmland.
Difficult and expensive.
Minimum reclamation costs about $1,000 / acre while complete restoration may cost $5,000 / acre.
50% of U.S. coal is strip mined.

24. Objectives and Warmup: 3/24/11
Discuss the uses and consequences of using coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
Warmup:
Was the environment during your mining simulation ever taken in to account?
If you could have chosen your land or mining tools differently what would you have used?

25. Oil
Decomposition of deeply buried organic matter from plants & animals
Crude oil: complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S, O, N impurities
Trapped within the earth's crust and can be extracted by drilling a well
How Oil Drilling Works by Craig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D.

27. Sources of Oil
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) countries have 67% world reserves:
Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, & Venezuela
Other important producers: Alaska, Siberia, & Mexico.

29. Oil in U.S. 2.3% of world reserves uses nearly 30% of world reserves;
65% for transportation;
increasing dependence on imports.

30. Low oil prices have stimulated economic growth, they have discouraged / prevented improvements in energy efficiency and alternative technologies favoring renewable resources.
.edu/beck/esc10 1/Chapter14&1 5.ppt

32. Causes only moderate damage to earth’s land
Oil Drilling
Causes only moderate damage to earth’s land
Oil companies extract oil in fragile environments (Artic tundra/Alaska)
Transported to a refinery where it is heated and distilled to separate the components
How Oil Drilling Works by Craig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D.

35. Natural Gas - Fossil Fuel
Mixture
50–90% Methane (CH4)
Ethane (C2H6)
Propane (C3H8)
Butane (C4H10)
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

36. Sources of Natural Gas
Russia & Kazakhstan - almost 40% of world's supply.
Iran (15%), Qatar (5%), Saudi Arabia (4%), Algeria (4%), United States (3%), Nigeria (3%), Venezuela (3%);
90–95% of natural gas in U.S. domestic (~411,000 km = 255,000 miles of pipeline).

37. billion cubic metres

39. Natural Gas
Experts predict increased use of natural gas during this century

41. Natural Gas
When a natural gas field is tapped, propane and butane are liquefied and removed as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
The rest of the gas (mostly methane) is dried, cleaned, and pumped into pressurized pipelines for distribution
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be shipped in refrigerated tanker ships

42. Objectives and Warmup: 3/28/11
Objectives: SWBAT:
Discuss the uses and consequences of using nuclear energy.
Warmup:
Watch 300 years in 300 seconds and what the future holds.

43. Nuclear Energy
Most commonly used fuel is U235 (naturally occurring radioactive isotope of uranium.)
Formed in cylindrical pellets (1.5 cm long) and stacked in hollow metal rods (4 m long).

44. How Do Nuclear Reactors Work?
Nuclear Fission Chain Reactor-neutrons strike radioactive uranium atoms (U-235) releasing energy and more neutrons.
Triggers nuclear chain reaction.
Heats water that produce high-pressure steam that turns turbines-generates electricity.

45. Nuclear Fission

46. Parts of a Nuclear Reactor
Core-contains 35-50,000 long thin fuel rods packed with U235
Each pellet contains the energy equivalent of 1 ton of coal)
Control rods-absorb neutrons and controls reaction rate
Raising and lowering the control rods into the reactor regulates the amount of heat produced
Moderator-reduces velocity of fast moving neutrons
Water, graphite
Coolant-(water) circulates through the reactor’s core to remove heat to keep fuel rods from melting

47. PWR

48. Radioactive Waste Disposal
Need to dispose of radioactive wastes that are produced
High level wastes-used fuel rods, control rods, water used to cool and control chain reactions
Medium to low level wastes-mine wastes, contaminated protective clothes of a power plant worker

50. Three Mile Island
March 29, 1979, a reactor near Harrisburg, PA lost coolant water because of mechanical and human errors and suffered a partial meltdown
50,000 people evacuated & another 50,000 fled area
Unknown amounts of radioactive materials released
Partial cleanup & damages cost $1.2 billion
Released radiation increased cancer rates.

52. Chernobyl
April 26, 1986, reactor explosion (Ukraine) with a severe release of radioactivity
No containment vessels
Plume of radioactivity drifted over extensive parts of western Europe and 336,000 people were resettled
~160,000 sq km (62,00 sq mi) contaminated
> Half million people exposed to dangerous levels of radioactivity
Cost of incident > $358 billion

54. Japan: Tokyo Electric Power Company's (TEPCO) Fukushima Daiichi
3/11/11: 9.0 earthquake caused tsunami that went over seawalls and flooded generators
Generators died which stopped the coolant pumps
Temperature rose above 2200ºF caused vessels to vent hydrogen caused several explosions
Pumped sea water mixed with boron into the containment vessels
Residents living within 20 kilometers of the plant are told to evacuate the area after first explosions.
Estimated cost of damage from the earthquake and tsunami to top $300 billion, making it the world's costliest natural disaster.
Boron-absorbs neutrons

55. Use of Nuclear Energy
Some countries (France, Japan) investing increasingly
France 58 reactors supply 75% energy
Japan 54 reactors supply 29% of energy
U.S. 104 reactors supply 20% energy
1996 last new reactor opened
Cost today: ~$10 billion
71,862 tons of the waste and no permanent place to store it all.
¾ of waste stored in water-filled cooling pools stored inside concrete containment barriers
¼ waste is encased in "dry casks" constructed of steel and thick concrete.
Yucca Mountain in Nevada

56. Nuclear Power Plants in U.S.
cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/ Energy%20Use%20-%203.ppt

57. Objectives and Warmup: 3/29/11
Discuss the environmental and economic affects of oil spills to ecosystems.
Warmup:
What makes nuclear a desirable energy option?

58. Free Writing
The only available energy resources left on our planet are nonrenewable. Choose one of the nonrenewable energy resources that you believe has the least environmental impact on our Earth.
Support your choice with at least two reasons your resources should be chosen over other nonrenewable sources.