2. Launching a New Republic 1789 - 1800 U. S. History 8 th Grade

3. The revolution was a success, a constitution has been ratified but problems still remain! -The country’s finances are in ruins. -There are disputes with other countries. -Settlers are clashing with the Native Americans.

4. In addition, the big question is “Who will be the first president?”

5. What kind of things should be taken into account when choosing a president? Character? Morals? Abilities? What kind of things should be taken into account when choosing a president? Character? Morals? Abilities? Do you think the same standards apply today in choosing a president as applied in 1789? Why or why not? Do you think the same standards apply today in choosing a president as applied in 1789? Why or why not?

6. If it had been up to you to choose the first president, how would you answer the following: What kind of character? What kind of character? What kind of reputation? What kind of reputation? What kind of experience? What kind of experience?

7. Each member of the Electoral College wrote two names

8. The top vote- getter, George Washington, became president. The runner-up, John Adams, became Vice- President. The top vote- getter, George Washington, became president. The runner-up, John Adams, became Vice- President.

9. On April 30 at Federal Hall in New York City (at that time, it was the Nation’s capitol) Washington was inaugurated, (sworn in as President) and John Adams as Vice President. On April 30 at Federal Hall in New York City (at that time, it was the Nation’s capitol) Washington was inaugurated, (sworn in as President) and John Adams as Vice President.

10. As the first President of a new country, what should be the first order of business? As the first President of a new country, what should be the first order of business? Security? Finances? Unifying the country? Security? Finances? Unifying the country?

11. Identify Problems and Solutions faced by our new nation ProblemSolution

12. ProblemSolution Courts

13. Courts The writers of the Constitution had left many matters to be decided by Congress. The writers of the Constitution had left many matters to be decided by Congress. The Constitution created a The Constitution created a Supreme Court but left it to Congress to decide the number of justices and how much power the court was to have.

14. Identify Problems and Solutions faced by our new nation ProblemSolution Number of justices and how much powerCourts

15. To create a court system, Congress passed the Federal Judiciary Act of 1789. This act gave the Supreme Court six members: a chief justice, or judge, and five associate justices. Over time, that number has grown to nine.

16. President Washington appointed John Jay, as the chief justice of the Supreme Court.

17. Identify Problems and Solutions faced by our new nation ProblemSolution Number of justices and how much power Courts Federal Judiciary Acts

18. Identify Problems and Solutions faced by our new nation ProblemSolution Number or justices and how much power CourtsFederal Judiciary Acts Politics

19. Politics (Washington’s Cabinet) The Constitution also gave Congress the task of creating departments to help the president lead the nation. During the first session Congress created three departments:

20. Washington’s Cabinet DepartmentResponsibilityAppointed

21. Washington’s Cabinet DepartmentResponsibilityAppointed Secretary of War Secretary of State Secretary of Treasury

22. Washington’s Cabinet DepartmentResponsibilityAppointed Secretary of War Oversee the nation’s defenses Henry Knox Secretary of State Secretary of Treasury Attorney General

23. Washington’s Cabinet DepartmentResponsibilityAppointed Secretary of War Oversee the nation’s defenses Henry Knox Secretary of State Oversees relations between the U. S. and other countries Thomas Jefferson Secretary of Treasury Attorney General

24. Washington’s Cabinet DepartmentResponsibilityAppointed Secretary of War Oversee the nation’s defenses Henry Knox Secretary of State Oversees relations between the U. S. and other countries Thomas Jefferson Secretary of Treasury Manage the government’s money Alexander Hamilton

25. Washington’s Cabinet And to advise the government on legal matters, And to advise the government on legal matters, President Washington appointed Edmund Randolph as the President Washington appointed Edmund Randolph as the Attorney General of the Justice Department:

26. Washington’s Cabinet DepartmentResponsibilityAppointed Secretary of War Oversee the nation’s defenses Henry Knox Secretary of StateOversees relations between the U. S. and other countries Thomas Jefferson Secretary of Treasury Manage the government’s money Alexander Hamilton Attorney General (Office) advise the government on legal matters Edmund Randolph

27. Identify Problems and Solutions faced by our new nation ProblemSolution Number or justices and how much power Courts Federal Judiciary Acts President’s need for aid and advice Politics Cabinet Appointments

28. Identify Problems and Solutions faced by our new nation ProblemSolution Number or justices and how much power Courts Federal Judiciary Acts President’s need for aid and advice Politics Cabinet Appointments Economics

29. Economic Problems U. S. had borrowed millions of dollars from France, the Netherlands, and Spain. Most government leaders agreed that the nation must repay its debts to win the respect of both foreign nations and its own citizens. If the nation failed to do so, no individual or country would lend it money in the future.

30. Economic Problems In 1790, Hamilton presented his plan to Congress. He proposed three steps: pay off all war debts raise government revenues create a national bank

31. Economic Problems Hamilton wanted the federal government to pay off the war debts of the states. However, sectional differences arose over repayment of state debts. Virginia, Georgia, and many other Southern states had already repaid their debts and did not like being asked to help Northern states pay theirs.

32. Economic Problems Hamilton favored tariffs. Tariff is a tax on imported goods. It served two purposes : raising money for the government and encouraging the growth of American industry.

33. A compromise was reached; in exchange for Southern support of the plan, Northerners agreed to place the new nation’s capitol in the South.

34. . The location chosen was on the Potomac River between Virginia and Maryland. This location, later named Washington, D. C. they believed would give them more influence in the federal government.

35. Economic Problems To provide economic stability, Hamilton asked Congress to create a national bank. The Bank of the United States would consist of a central bank with branches in major U. S. cities. Southern farmers feared wealthy northeastern merchants would control it.

36. Economic Problems Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson believed it was unconstitutional. Both Jefferson and Hamilton pointed to the clause in the Constitution that grants Congress the power “to make all laws … necessary and proper” for carrying out its delegated powers. They disagreed on the interpretation.

37. Jefferson believed in the strict construction – narrow or strict interpretation – of the Constitution. Hamilton favored a loose construction – broad or flexible interpretation – of the Constitution pointing to the “elastic clause” that the bank was “necessary and proper”.

38. Jefferson and Hamilton argued their positions to Washington. Hamilton won, and the Bank of the United States was established in 1791.

39. Identify Problems and Solutions faced by our new nation ProblemSolution Number or justices and how much power CourtsFederal Judiciary Acts President’s need for aid and advice PoliticsCabinet Appointments Source of income, war debts, manage money Economics Tariffs, Pay War Debt, National Bank

40. The president, meanwhile, was dealing with other challenges at home and abroad.

41. Identify Problems and Solutions faced by our new nation ProblemSolution Number or justices and how much power CourtsFederal Judiciary Acts President’s need for aid and advice PoliticsCabinet Appointments Source of income, war debts, manage money EconomicsTariffs, Pay War Debt, National Bank Relations with Native Americans

42. Relations with Native Americans The source of the trouble was competing claims for the Trans-Appalachian West, the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. Spain, Britain, Native Americans, and Americans claimed parts of this area.

43. Identify Problems and Solutions faced by our new nation ProblemSolution Number or justices and how much power CourtsFederal Judiciary Acts President’s need for aid and advice PoliticsCabinet Appointments Source of income, war debts, manage money EconomicsTariffs, Pay War Debt, National Bank As settlers move west, they clash With Native Americans Relations with Native Americans

44. Relations with Native Americans At the Battle of Fallen Timbers the Native Americans were defeated and the twelve tribes signed the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 which ceded, or surrendered, much of present-day Ohio and Indiana to the U. S. government.

45. Identify Problems and Solutions faced by our new nation ProblemSolution Number or justices and how much power CourtsFederal Judiciary Acts President’s need for aid and advice PoliticsCabinet Appointments Source of income, war debts, manage money EconomicsTariffs, Pay War Debt, National Bank As settlers move west, they clash With Native Americans Relations with Native Americans Treaty of Greenville

46. Relations with Americans In addition to these problems at home, a conflict arose between the government and farmers over a tax put on whiskey.

47. With little cash to buy goods, let alone pay the tax, farmers often traded whiskey for salt, sugar, and other goods. The farmers used whiskey as money to get whatever supplies they needed.

48. In the summer of 1794, a group of farmers in western Pennsylvania staged the Whiskey Rebellion against the tax. An army of 13,000 soldiers put down the uprising. As news of the army’s approach spread, the rebels fed.

49. Identify Problems and Solutions faced by our new nation ProblemSolution Number or justices and how much power Courts Federal Judiciary Acts President’s need for aid and advice Politics Cabinet Appointments Source of income, war debts, manage money Economics Tariffs, Pay War Debt, National Bank As settlers move west, they clash With Native Americans Relations with Native Americans Treaty of Greenville Domestic (farmers) rebellion against tax Domestic affairs

50. Identify Problems and Solutions faced by our new nation ProblemSolution Number or justices and how much power Courts Federal Judiciary Acts President’s need for aid and advice Politics Cabinet Appointments Source of income, war debts, manage money Economics Tariffs, Pay War Debt, National Bank As settlers move west, they clash With Native Americans Relations with Native Americans Treaty of Greenville Domestic (farmers) rebellion against tax Domestic affairs Armed troops sent to crush the rebellion

51. Meanwhile, events in Europe gave Washington a different kind of challenge.

52. Identify Problems and Solutions faced by our new nation ProblemSolution Number or justices and how much power Courts Federal Judiciary Acts President’s need for aid and advice Politics Cabinet Appointments Source of income, war debts, manage money Economics Tariffs, Pay War Debt, National Bank As settlers move west, they clash With Native Americans Relations with Native Americans Treaty of Greenville Domestic (farmers) rebellion against tax Domestic affairs Armed troops sent to crush the rebellion Foreign affairs

53. Foreign Affairs Inspired by the American Revolution, the French people rebelled against their government. At first, Americans supported the French Revolution. By 1792, however, the revolution had become very violent. Thousands of French citizens were massacred and Louis XVI, the king of France, was executed (guillotine).

54. Foreign Affairs Other European monarchs believed the revolution threatened their own thrones. France soon declared war on Britain, Holland, and Spain. The war between France and Britain put the United States in an awkward position. France had been America’s ally in the Revolution against the British.

55. Identify Problems and Solutions faced by our new nation ProblemSolution Number or justices and how much power Courts Federal Judiciary Acts President’s need for aid and advice Politics Cabinet Appointments Source of income, war debts, manage money Economics Tariffs, Pay War Debt, National Bank As settlers move west, they clash With Native Americans Relations with Native Americans Treaty of Greenville Domestic (farmers) rebellion against tax Domestic affairs Armed troops sent to crush the rebellion Entanglement in other countries affairs Foreign affairs

56. Who to side with? President Washington makes a decision: The U. S. declared it would remain neutral. It would not help, aid, or get involved with other countries or other countries’ problems.

57. Identify Problems and Solutions faced by our new nation ProblemSolution Number or justices and how much power Courts Federal Judiciary Acts President’s need for aid and advice Politics Cabinet Appointments Source of income, war debts, manage money Economics Tariffs, Pay War Debt, National Bank As settlers move west, they clash With Native Americans Relations with Native Americans Treaty of Greenville Domestic (farmers) rebellion against tax Domestic affairs Armed troops sent to crush the rebellion Entanglement in other countries affairs Foreign affairs Doctrine of Neutrality

58. These are just some of the challenges that the first President of the first nation of it’s kind faced. In your opinion, how did he do?

59. Over 200 years later, our country must still make tough decisions.

60. In your opinion, would President Washington, and the other founding fathers, be proud of what this country has become? What changes, if any, do you believe they would make?

61. Notable Events during Washington’s Adminstration: 1789 The Judiciary Act specified the number of Federal courts and judges. 1789 The Judiciary Act specified the number of Federal courts and judges. 1790 Supreme Court met for the first time with John Jay as the Chief Justice. 1790 Supreme Court met for the first time with John Jay as the Chief Justice. 1791 Federal capital established in swamplands on the Potomac. 1791 Federal capital established in swamplands on the Potomac. A national banking system established by the Bank Act. A national banking system established by the Bank Act. The Bill of Rights take effect. The Bill of Rights take effect.Bill of RightsBill of Rights

62. 1792 Post Office established by Congress as a separate entity. 1792 Post Office established by Congress as a separate entity. New York Stock Exchange organized. New York Stock Exchange organized. Coins are minted by the government as enacted by the Coinage Act. Coins are minted by the government as enacted by the Coinage Act.Coinage ActCoinage Act 1793 War breaks out between Britain and France. 1793 War breaks out between Britain and France. On April 22, U.S. declares neutrality. On April 22, U.S. declares neutrality.U.S. declares neutralityU.S. declares neutrality

63. 1794 Whiskey Rebellion over excise tax in western Pennsylvania. Federal troops called to suppress the armed rebellion. 1794 Whiskey Rebellion over excise tax in western Pennsylvania. Federal troops called to suppress the armed rebellion.Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion 1795 The Jay Treaty ratified. British troops required to withdraw from the U.S. 1795 The Jay Treaty ratified. British troops required to withdraw from the U.S.Jay TreatyJay Treaty 1796 Washington delivered his Farewell Address. 1796 Washington delivered his Farewell Address.Farewell AddressFarewell Address