1. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

2. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain

3. CAUSES Better agricultural practices lead to a larger food supply. –More farmland –Good weather –Improved transportation –New crops (potato) More food means lower prices. Lower prices mean people can spend money on manufactured goods

4. CAUSES Growth in Population –More people means more demand –More people means more workers Capital to Invest in Machines and Factories –Many British are wealthy –Entrepreneur – looking for new business opportunities and ways of making profits

5. CAUSES Great Britain has Abundant Natural Resources –Good rivers that supply water power as well as transportation –Coal –Iron Ore Great Britain has a Supply of Markets –Vast colonial empire –Domestic markets – more demand in Great Britain

6. CHANGES IN PRODUCTION Cottage Industry is replaced with automation –Edmund Cartwright (1787) I invented a water powered loom (weave). Workers go to the water –James Hargraves invented the “spinning jenny” (thread) –James Watt invented a steam powered engine – powered by coal –Great Britain becomes the leading cotton producer in the world

7. CHANGES IN PRODUCTION Coal and Iron –Coal powered the steam engines –Steam engines required iron –Railroad tracks required iron Railroads –Important to the success of the Industrial Revolution –Allowed mass goods to be transported –1804 – First steam locomotive –Building tracks created new jobs for farm laborers and peasants

8. RESULTS Great Britain is the first industrialized nation and richest nation –Produced ½ the worlds coal –Produced ½ the worlds manufactured goods –Great Britain was the world’s leading cotton producer Industrial Revolution Spreads –To Western Europe –To North America

9. RESULTS Growth of Cities and Population –European population in 1750 = 140 million –European population in 1850 = 266 million Decline in death rates –wars, disease, plague Increase in food supply –City Growth Factories are located in cities People leave the farms and move to the city looking for jobs

10. RESULTS Factory System –Created a new labor system –Created a new system of working hours –Created a system of doing the same task over and over

11. RESULTS Social Classes –Industrial Middle Class – Bourgeoisie Made up of factory owners, machine owners who search for markets Desire to make money! –Industrial Working Class Factory workers Poor working conditions, hours, wages, job security – especially for women and children

12. Socialism Socialism is when a society or government owns or controls the means of production such as factories or utilities. The conditions experienced by the Working Middle Class prompted some intellectuals to want to replace competition with cooperation. Several attempts at a Utopian society failed.

13. HODGE PODGE

14. CONGRESS OF VIENNA Meeting held by European rulers after the defeat of Napoleon to arrange a final peace settlement and restore the “old order” Prince Klemens von Metternich, the Austrian Foreign Minister led the meeting. –Legitimacy – lawful monarchs from the royal families that had ruled before Napoleon would be restored to their positions of power

15. CONGRESS OF VIENNA The Great Powers of Europe rearranged territories in Europe hoping to create a new balance of power. –This keeps any one country from becoming too powerful –Political and military forces were arranged so that the Great Powers could retain their independence. –This helps contain the forces of change brought about by the French Revolution

16. CONSERVATISM A political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion. –At this time, conservatives hated revolutions –Unwilling to accept demands from anyone who wanted individual rights or representative governments

17. LIBERALISM A political philosophy originally based largely on Enlightenment principles, holding that people should be as free as possible from government restraint and that civil liberties – the basic rights of all people – should be protected. –These freedoms should be guaranteed by a written document – Bill of Rights –Religious toleration and separation of church and state –Laws should be made by a representative assembly elected by qualified voters

18. LIBERALISM –Do not believe in a democracy where everyone has the right to vote ( favored a constitutional monarchy) –The right to vote and hold public office should be held only by qualified men who owned property –Liberalism appealed to industrial middle class men who wanted voting rights for themselves so they could share power with the landowning classes –Liberals hated mob rule and did NOT want to share power with the lower classes

19. NATIONALISM The unique cultural identity of a people based on language, religion, and national symbols. This was a more powerful force for change than liberalism by itself

20. NATIONALISM Nationalism arose out of people’s awareness of being part of a community with common institutions, traditions, language, and customs. This community was called a NATION. People should owe their chief political loyalty to the nation, NOT to a family dynasty, city-state or other political unit. Liberalism allied itself to Nationalism because liberalism believed that freedom could only be possible in people who ruled themselves.

21. CREATING NEW NATIONS Giuseppe Garibaldi and his army of Red Shirts captured much of Southern Italy and turned it over to the northern kingdom of Piedmont March 17, 1861 the Kingdom of Italy was declared King Victor Emmanuel II Italy was totally unified when Rome was annexed on September 20, 1870 Rome became the capital of a united Italian state.

22. Otto von Bismarck, prime minister of Prussia created a unified Germany through warfare and diplomacy. –Enlarged the Prussian army –By defeating Denmark and Austria he turned the northern German states into the North German Confederation and created an alliance with the southern German states –By defeating France with the help of his southern German alliance January 18, 1871 – Germany was unified William I was named “Kaiser” – emperor of the Second German Empire CREATING NEW NATIONS