1. Distributed DBMSPage 10-12. 1© 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Outline Introduction Background Distributed DBMS Architecture Distributed Database Design Distributed Query Processing Distributed Transaction Management  Transaction Concepts and Models  Distributed Concurrency Control  Distributed Reliability Building Distributed Database Systems (RAID) Mobile Database Systems Privacy, Trust, and Authentication Peer to Peer Systems

2. Distributed DBMSPage 10-12. 2© 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Concurrency Control Algorithms Pessimistic  Two-Phase Locking-based (2PL)  Centralized (primary site) 2PL  Primary copy 2PL  Distributed 2PL  Timestamp Ordering (TO)  Basic TO  Multiversion TO  Conservative TO  Hybrid Optimistic  Locking-based  Timestamp ordering-based

3. Distributed DBMSPage 10-12. 3© 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Locking-Based Algorithms Transactions indicate their intentions by requesting locks from the scheduler (called lock manager). Locks are either read lock ( rl ) [also called shared lock] or write lock ( wl ) [also called exclusive lock] Read locks and write locks conflict (because Read and Write operations are incompatible rl wl rl yesno wl nono Locking works nicely to allow concurrent processing of transactions.

4. Distributed DBMSPage 10-12. 4© 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Two-Phase Locking (2PL)  A Transaction locks an object before using it.  When an object is locked by another transaction, the requesting transaction must wait.  When a transaction releases a lock, it may not request another lock. Obtain lock Release lock Lock point Phase 1Phase 2 BEGINEND No. of locks

5. Distributed DBMSPage 10-12. 5© 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Strict 2PL Hold locks until the end. Obtain lock Release lock BEGINEND Transaction duration period of data item use

6. Distributed DBMSPage 10-12. 6© 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Testing for Serializability Consider transactions T 1, T 2, …, T k Create a directed graph (called a conflict graph), whose nodes are transactions. Consider a history of transactions. If T 1 unlocks an item and T 2 locks it afterwards, draw an edge from T 1 to T 2 implying T 1 must precede T 2 in any serial history T 1 →T 2 Repeat this for all unlock and lock actions for different transactions. If graph has a cycle, the history is not serializable. If graph is a cyclic, a topological sorting will give the serial history.

7. Distributed DBMSPage 10-12. 7© 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Example T 1 :Lock X T 1 : Unlock X T 2 :Lock X T 2 : Lock Y T 2 : Unlock X T 2 :Unlock Y T 3 :Lock Y T 3 :Unlock Y T 1 →T 2 T 2 →T 3 T2T2 T1T1 T3T3

8. Distributed DBMSPage 10-12. 8© 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Theorem Two phase locking is a sufficient condition to ensure serializablility. Proof: By contradiction. If history is not serializable, a cycle must exist in the conflict graph. This means the existence of a path such as T 1 →T 2 →T 3 … T k → T 1. This implies T 1 unlocked before T 2 and after T k. T 1 requested a lock again. This violates the condition of two phase locking.

9. Distributed DBMSPage 10-12. 9© 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez 2PL from Jeff Ullman's book

10. Distributed DBMSPage 10-12. 10© 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Centralized 2PL There is only one 2PL scheduler in the distributed system. Lock requests are issued to the central scheduler. Data Processors at participating sites Coordinating TMCentral Site LM Lock Request Lock Granted Operation End of Operation Release Locks

11. Distributed DBMSPage 10-12. 11© 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Distributed 2PL 2PL schedulers are placed at each site. Each scheduler handles lock requests for data at that site. A transaction may read any of the replicated copies of item x, by obtaining a read lock on one of the copies of x. Writing into x requires obtaining write locks for all copies of x.

12. Distributed DBMSPage 10-12. 12© 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Distributed 2PL Execution Coordinating TMParticipating LMsParticipating DPs Lock Request Operation End of Operation Release Locks

13. Distributed DBMSPage 10-12. 13© 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Timestamp Ordering Transaction ( T i ) is assigned a globally unique timestamp ts ( T i ). Transaction manager attaches the timestamp to all operations issued by the transaction. Each data item is assigned a write timestamp ( wts ) and a read timestamp ( rts ):  rts ( x ) = largest timestamp of any read on x  wts ( x ) = largest timestamp of any read on x Conflicting operations are resolved by timestamp order. Basic T/O: for R i ( x )for W i ( x ) if ts ( T i ) < wts ( x ) if ts ( T i ) < rts ( x ) and ts ( T i ) < wts ( x ) then reject R i ( x ) then reject W i ( x ) else accept R i ( x ) else accept W i ( x ) rts ( x )  ts ( T i ) wts ( x )  ts ( T i )

14. Distributed DBMSPage 10-12. 14© 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Basic timestamp ordering tries to execute an operation as soon as it receives it  progressive  too many restarts since there is no delaying Conservative timestamping delays each operation until there is an assurance that it will not be restarted Assurance?  No other operation with a smaller timestamp can arrive at the scheduler  Note that the delay may result in the formation of deadlocks Conservative Timestamp Ordering

15. Distributed DBMSPage 10-12. 15© 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Multiversion Timestamp Ordering Do not modify the values in the database, create new values. A R i ( x ) is translated into a read on one version of x.  Find a version of x (say x v ) such that ts ( x v ) is the largest timestamp less than ts ( T i ). A W i ( x ) is translated into W i ( x w ) and accepted if the scheduler has not yet processed any R j ( x r ) such that ts ( T i ) < ts ( x r ) < ts ( T j )

16. Distributed DBMSPage 10-12. 16© 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Optimistic Concurrency Control Algorithms Pessimistic execution Optimistic execution ValidateReadComputeWrite ValidateReadComputeWrite