1. Where can we find water?

2. Importance of water to life Water to drink; we need to stay hydrated to remain alive; we are 55 – 75% water! Solar energy converted by plants; water is the catalyst that helps plants grow. Water vapor in the atmosphere traps radiation and warms up the Earth. Earth’s oceans affect climate and store heat.

3. H 2 O NH 3 CH 4 W ater, A mmonia, M ethane CO 2 CO N 2 Ignore inert gases He, Ne, Ar The Cosmic Abundance of Elements

4. Water phase diagram

5. Can there be ice on the Moon? Comets and asteroids could have left water on the Moon – just like on Earth? Effects of temperature and pressure implies water sublimates in sunlight and drifts off into space. Moon has deep cold craters where sunlight cannot reach! –Water may exist in such places as frozen ice

6. There are many craters near the poles that are permanently shadowed South PoleNorth Pole

7. What is the evidence for ice on the Moon? Lunar Prospector shows enhancement of H, indicating possible presence of ice

8. Water in the solar system - Mars Indications that water once flowed on the surface. Much of the water may exist as subsurface ice.

9. Water in the solar system - Comets Detected in comet’s tails. Up to 80% can be water ice.

10. Comet Borrelly Deep Space 1 Comet Wild 2 Stardust

11. Deep Impact-July 2006

12. Then there’s Ceres… Ceres (largest asteroid) discovered in 1801. Average density of the asteroids ~5g/ml Ceres density ~2.1 g/ml Comets avg. density ~1,5-2.0 g/ml Dawn mission on the way to Ceres (2011)

13. Ceres, as imaged by Dawn 1/14/15

14. The Top Four Icy Moons Europa Triton Enceladus Titan

16. Most icy satellites are smaller than our moon. What surface features should we see on them? Europa Triton Enceladus Titan Jupiter Neptune Saturn

17. Huygens images of Titan’s surface

18. Methane lakes on Titan

19. A water-ammonia volcano on Titan through 3 wavelengths L-Infrared, C-Radar, R-Ultraviolet

20. Fountains of Enceladus

22. Enceladus

23. Neptune’s moon Triton-a Plutonian twin? Triton and Pluto at Best HST Resolution Triton from Voyager

24. Importance of water in human space exploration Water to drink. Water to grow plants. Water can be broken apart to make air (oxygen) and rocket fuel (oxygen + hydrogen) Water can be used to provide electrical power (fuel cells used by Gemini, Apollo, and ISS). Water for protection. Water is heavy, too expensive to carry.