1. CHAPTER 3 Observing Organisms Through a Microscope Units of Measurements Microscopy: The Instruments Preparation of Specimens

2. We will be looking at very small things…

4. Compound Light Microscope

5. Total Magnification –Objective lens power x ocular lens power Resolution –Ability of the lenses to distinguish fine detail –Resolution power of 0.2 μm, –Distinguish 2 points 0.2 μm apart Refractive index –Change by staining specimens –Two different mediums –Rays change more directions Oil Immersion –Same index as glass –Improves resolution

6. Staining Fixed: kills/attaches org. to slide –Thin film spread over slide (smear) and allowed to dry –Pass through flame of Bunsen burner several times or cover with methyl alcohol for 1 min. –Stain is applied and washed with water –Blot with absorbent paper

7. STAINS Salts composed of a positive and a negative ion –One of which is colored (chromophore) Basic Dyes: positive ion –Attracted to negatively charged bacteria cell –Ex: Crystal violet, methylene blue, malachite green and safranin Acidic Dyes: negative ion –Stain colors the background surface –Observing overall cell shape, size and capsule –Ex: acid fuchsin, nigrosin

8. SIMPLE STAIN Aqueous or alcohol sol ’ n of a single basic dye Highlight the entire microorganism Applied to fixed smear for length of time, washed, dried Mordant (used to intensify) may be added – Increases affinity of a stain – Coat a structure to make it thicker and easier to see Examples: methylene blue*, crystal violet, safranin

10. Differential Stains React differently with different kinds of bacteria Used to distinguish Gram Stain: one of most important staining techniques 1. Heat-fixed smear covered with basic purple dye-primary stain (crystal violet) 2. Washed and covered with iodine (mordant), washed off 3. Washed with alcohol (decolorizing agent). Removes purple from the cells of some spp 4. Alcohol is rinsed and slide stained with safranin (basic red dye) 5. Smear washed, blotted dry and examined

11. GRAM POSITIVE Purple dye and iodine combine in cytoplasm and color it dark violet Thicker peptidoglycan cell wall Traps CV-I inside cell GRAM NEGATIVE Lose the dark violet after decolorization Safranin applied to turn bacteria pink Layer of lipopolysaccharide Alcohol disrupts outer lipopolysaccharide layer and CV-I complex washes out E. coli Staphylococcus epidermidis

12. Special Stains Used to color and isolate specific parts Capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniaeare Endospore of Bacillus thuringiensis Flagella of Salmonella

13. file:///E:/Chapter_03/A_PowerPoint/a_Lectur e_Outline/staining.html

14. WORKS CITED http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Microbiology/Bacterial_Smear_&_Staining/06_fix_specimen_P1092682.JP Ghttp://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Microbiology/Bacterial_Smear_&_Staining/06_fix_specimen_P1092682.JP G http://www.biosynth.com/media/verschiedene/dyes1.JPG http://www.bigroom.org/images/Sally_MB.jpg http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/labmanua/lab12/diseases/uti/images/gnrod.jpg http://people.uleth.ca/~selibl/Biol3200/Morphology04/Btendo.jpg http://bioinfo.bact.wisc.edu/themicrobialworld/S.typhi.Fla.jpg