1. 11-1 Chapter 11 Problem Solving

2. 11-2 Approaches to Problem Solving Types of Problems:  Nature of assignment and how to complete  Managing obstacles Common Problem Solving Flaws:  Problem definition  Evaluation Three Approaches:  Descriptive  Functional  Prescriptive

3. 11-3 Descriptive Approach: How Groups Solve Problems Identity problem solving stages  Forming  Norming  Storming  Performing Start by generating solutions  Select solution at random  Voting  Novel solutions  Each member suggests favorite solution

4. 11-4 Functional Approach: Advice on Improving Group Problem Solving Factors That Improve Group Problem Solving  Intelligent problem solvers and critical thinkers  Manage both task and relationship  Gather data and research problem  Consider a variety of options  Focus  Listen to minority opinions

5. 11-5 Functional Approach: Advice on Improving Group Problem Solving Factors That Hurt Group Problem Solving  Jumping to solution stage  Satisficing  Difficulty determining best solution  Communication problems  Non-task-related factors Desire to reduce uncertainty Politics Competition Unequal Power

6. 11-6 Prescriptive Approach: Rational Problem-Solving Model

7. 11-7 Prescriptive Approach: Rational Problem-Solving Model Problem Recognition, Definition, and Analysis  Often focus on symptoms, not cause  Depends on characteristics of: Problem  Severity, familiarity, complexity Group  Desire, ability Environment  Modern, relationship to outside environment

8. 11-8 Prescriptive Approach: Rational Problem-Solving Model Generating Alternatives and Selecting a Solution  Alternatives depend on: Knowledge and skills of members Group climate and process  Good solution: Balances needs of various group members Uses efficient problem solving approach Process fosters group harmony

9. 11-9 Prescriptive Approach: Rational Problem-Solving Model Implementation and Evaluation  Implementation Consider people, time, and resources needed  Evaluation Group provides definition of a successful outcome Process Evaluation Outcome Evaluation

10. 11-10 Problem-Solving Teams Process mapping  Creates shared mental model  Facilitates communication Structured approaches:  Better decision  Increase satisfaction with solutions  Increase commitment to implementation  Promote equitable participation  Reduce unequal status

11. 11-11 Application: Problem-Solving Techniques for Teams Problem Analysis  Problem recognition  Separate symptoms from causes  Symptom identification Force field analysis Charting unknowns Criteria Matrix  Assists in selecting a solution by rating alternatives  Decide criteria to rate alternatives: Ease of implementation Effectiveness Expense Quality

12. 11-12 Application: Problem-Solving Techniques for Teams Action Plans  Improve solution implementation  Step by step road map Timing, responsibilities, standards for evaluation Should include monitoring and feedback system Force Field Analysis  Used in many stages  Approach to understanding the factors that affect any change program  Uses Lewin’s action research model  Driving and restraining forces

13. 11-13

14. 11-14

15. Insert Activity: Using Problem- Solving Techniques and related worksheets (p. 217-220)