1. Group 3 Hinves, Alexa Khoo Shi Ann, Shuna Tan Yi Lu Lim Pei Tsung Chapter 1 & 9 The Power of Character by David Tjeder

2. Outline of Presentation Introduction The Male Norm - Alexa Masculinity as homosocial - Shuna Countertypes - Yi Lu The intricacies of men’s lives - Pei Tsung Conclusion

3. Part 1: The Male Norm Can be interpreted in three ways: 1. Men have symbolized humanity, rather than the male sex 2. Because men have been a norm, men have not discussed themselves as men, only as human beings. (this proved to be wrong) 3. While men discussed the meaning of manhood, some forms of masculinity were never problematized

4. Part 1: What is a Real Man? Major Problematic… - Men too often unable to master their passions - Men had misunderstood the true meaning of manhood ** While discussing the problematic of man, power and privilege was always accepted and was never seen as a problem

5. Part 1: The Married Man From a lack of power to a position of power Matrimony was the highest point of masculinity. The bachelor signified unhealthy individualism and neglect to father children Middle-class autobiographers always mentioned their marriage Described their will to marry as an important step to manhood Women were a symbol to men of matrimony

6. Part 1: The Academic - Exempted for the requirement of marriage - The work of academic’s was their commitment - Marriage would interfere with their studies - This is contested though as some thought that marriage would allow academics to live a longer, healthier life * Constant celebration of matrimony through biographies and texts demonstrates the opinions of middle-class marriage

7. Part 2: Masculinity As Homosocial Homosocial Relating to social interaction between the same sex, typically men

8. Part 2: Masculinity As Homosocial 4 Roles of Women Responsible for a cozy home for tired husband Appears to be ‘what-a-man-shouldn’t-be’ Sexual threats to men (later in the century) Perceived men as sexual threats to women

9. Part 3: Countertypes Ideal vs. Countertype Gamblers, drinkers Egoistic men Effeminate men Seducer

10. Part 3: Countertypes Homosexuality Countertype to real manhood Homophobic sentiment was rife in Sweden before 1944 Gender Order of the Middle Class Passion No longer youth Character

11. Part 4: Intricacies of Men’s Live What makes a man? Character? Behaviour? Hobbies? Drinking and gambling were thought to be desirable But there are man that criticized both Aristocrat (Claes Adelsköld) that describes himself as a rough-neck

12. Part 4: Intricacies of Men’s Live What defines a man can be quite contextual Definition of masculinity has been constantly changing What is the problem with being a man? Changing definition of masculinity meant that man were always seen as problematic, because the reference point was always changing

13. Part 4: Intricacies of Men’s Live Masculinity only recognized males and ignored everything else (Men and the others) Masculinity meant to reproduce and legitimize men’s dominance over everything Inequality stems from the ignorance. A feministic point of view is required

14. Conclusion A constant crisis of masculinity 1800: Sturdy masculinity of the vikings Men’s incapacity to master their passions & develop character (e.g. the art of seduction) 1. Manliness was a notion of the past. History tells us the true ideals of real men. 2. Masculinity evolves with time.