1. Unit 2: Engineering Design Process
Foundations of Technology
Unit 2: Engineering Design Process
Lesson 5: Prototypes and Modeling
1 Sketching and Technical Drawing

2. Objectives
Students learn to:
Use prototypes and models to ensure quality, efficiency, and productivity of theirfinal product.
Visualize three-dimensional objects and spaces from different perspectives and analyze their cross sections.

3. Objectives
Draw reasonable conclusions about a situation being modeled.
Explain how design usually requires taking into account not only physical constraints but also economic, political, social, ethical, and aesthetic ones.

4. Objectives
Draw and construct representations of two- and three-dimensional geometric objects using a variety of tools.
Analyze properties and determine attributes of two- and three-dimensional objects.

5. Vocabulary
Annotated Sketches: are sketches that include notes or labels, dimensions and/or symbols.
Technical Drawing: is a visual communication language which is used to communicate how something works or is constructed, includes standard symbols and units of measurement.

6. Vocabulary CAD: computer-aided design.
Orthographic Projection or Muliti-view: is a way to represent a three dimensional object in two dimensions. Typically, two or more elevations or pictures are produced to represent the entire object – know as multi-view projection.

7. Vocabulary
Isometric Projection: is a simple way to show a three dimensional object. By using isometric projection, three sides of a object are shown proportionally. All vertical lines are drawn vertically, and all horizontal lines are drawn at an angle of 30° degrees.

8. Vocabulary
Models: are used throughout the Engineering Design Process to make observations and develop predictions, can be conceptual (are abstract models that use language and graphic based representations to convey meaning), mathematical (are abstract models that use the language of mathematics to describe the behavior of the solution) or physical (are three-dimensional models, which represent the solution).

9. Vocabulary
Technical Writing: is a very precise style of writing. Good technical writers practice clarity, brevity, simplicity and active voice.
Graphs and Charts: a conceptual model commonly used to show a relationship between two or more variables and to highlight a trend(s) for the audience.

10. Vocabulary
Line Graph: used to show the relationship between two or more objects and/or a trend.
Bar Graph: used to show the relationship between objects by measuring frequency.
Pie Chart: used to compare parts/percentages within one set of data.

11. Vocabulary
Venn Diagram: used to show overlap between two or more sets of data.
Mock-Up: is a model that represents of the final solution that does not function.
Prototype: is a model that performs the final solution and can be used for testing/evaluation.

12. Area: the amount of space inside a two-dimensional shape.
Surface Area: the total area of all surfaces on a three-dimensional object.
Volume: the amount of space a three-dimensional object occupies.

13. The Big Idea
Big Idea:
At various intervals of the engineering design process, conceptual, mathematical, and physical models are used to evaluate the design solution. solution.

14. Annotated Sketches
Annotated Sketches are sketches that include notes or labels, dimensions, and/or symbols.
Sketches are often used to show an idea or visibly capture a thought.
All sketches should include some type of annotation.

15. Annotated Sketches
Sketching takes practice, but there are some basics to remember:
Use long, light, and flowing lines rather than heavy or short lines.
Sketches are a loose representation of the idea; accuracy is not critical.
Keep your sketches quick; include enough detail to get your idea across.
Use basic shapes to frame the sketch, then add more detail.

16. Technical Drawings
Technical drawing is a visual communication language that is used to communicate how something works or is constructed.
All technical drawings include:
Standard symbols
Units of measurement

17. Technical Drawings
Technical Drawings can be produced using paper and pencil or on a computer using computer-aided design (CAD).
We will use two basics types of technical drawings:
Orthographic Projection or
Muliti-view
Isometric projection

18. Orthographic Projection or Muliti-view
Orthographic projection is a way to represent a three- dimensional object in two dimensions.
Typically, two or more elevations or pictures are produced to represent the entire object—known as multiview projection

19. Orthographic Projection or Muliti-view
Orthographic projection typically displays the top, front, and ride side views of a three- dimensional object.
Multiview Projection
Top (yellow)
Top
Right
Side (green)
Right
Side
Front

20. Orthographic Projection or Muliti-view
1. Establish an Origin (staring point)
2. Frame out the work space with Construction Lines – total height, width and depth, leaving equal space between objects
3. Project the outline of the top, front and side views using Construction Lines

21. Orthographic Projection or Muliti-view
4. Add a 45° line starting in the upper right hand corner – used to project details between the top and side views
5. Add points of interest to the most descriptive view
6. Project points of interest using Construction Lines
7. Darken all finished lines for each view

22. Orthographic Projection or Muliti-view
Orthographic multiview projection has some basic terminology:
Top Elevation
Construction Lines (light)
Hidden Lines (dashed)
Part Outline
(solid)
Dimensions
(singular or stacked)
Front Elevation
Side Elevation

23. Orthographic Projection or Muliti-view
Drawing orthographically will take practice, but there are some basics to remember:
Use construction lines to frame out the work space.
The distance between elevations are equal.
Use construction lines to project details between the elevations.
Construction Lines
Top
Side
Front
Equal

24. Orthographic Projection or Muliti-view
Drawing orthographically will take practice, but there are some basics to remember:
A 45°-angle line can be drawn to help project between the top and side elevation.
Darken the lines that represent the part.
Do not erase construction lines.
45° Construction Line
Finished Lines (darkened)
Side
Front
Construction Lines (light)

25. Orthographic Projection or Muliti-view
Orthographic Drawing Practice 2 5 4
Depth = 4
Depth = 4
Top
Height = 5
Front
Side

26. Isometric Drawings
Isometric drawing is a simple way to show a three-dimensional object.
By using isometric drawing , three sides of an object are shown proportionally.
All vertical lines are drawn vertically, and all horizontal lines are drawn at an angle of 30° degrees.

27. Isometric Drawings
Drawing Isometric will take practice, but there are some basics to remember:
Use construction lines to frame out the work space.
Use construction lines to project details on surfaces.
Use accurate measurements on all surfaces.

28. Isometric Drawings Isometric Drawing Practice Height = 5 Depth= 42 5 4
Isometric Drawing Practice
Height = 5
Depth= 4
Width= 4