1. Chapter 1 Physiology of Exercise in the United States—It’s Past, It’s Future
EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance, 6th edition
Scott K. Powers & Edward T. Howley

2. European Heritage
Three physiologists received the Nobel Prize for work related to muscle or muscular exercise
A.V. Hill
Heat production during muscle contraction and recovery
Otto Meyerhof
Relationship of O2 consumption and lactic acid in muscle
August Krogh
Function of the capillary circulation

3. Harvard Fatigue Laboratory
Focal point in the development of exercise physiology in the United States
D.B. Dill directed the lab from its opening in 1927 to its closing in 1947
Research in exercise and environmental physiology
Basis of much of what we know today

4. Physical Fitness A popular topic today Possible careers:
Physical Education
Physiology of Exercise
Health Education
Nutrition
Physical Therapy
Athletic Training
Medicine

5. Public Health Service
In 1980, listed “physical fitness and exercise” as one of the fifteen areas of concern related to improving the country’s overall health.

6. Civil War until the First World War
Physical education primarily concerned with fitness
Many physical education leaders were trained in medicine
Dr. Dudley Sargent
Hired by Harvard in 1879
Set up physical training programs with individual exercise prescriptions

7. World War I and World War II
Large numbers of draftees failed the induction exams due to mental and physical defects
Physical programs began to resemble pre-military training programs

8. 1950’s
Autopsies of young soldiers of Korean War showed significant coronary artery disease has already developed
Hans Kraus showed the American children performed poorly on a muscular fitness test compared to European
President’s Council on Youth Fitness (1955)
AAHPERD Youth Fitness Test (1957)

9. John F. Kennedy “The Soft American” in Sports Illustrated (1960)
“For the physical vigor of our citizens is one of American’s most precious resources. If we waste and neglect this resource, if we allow it to dwindle and grow soft, then we will destroy much of our ability to meet the great and vital challenges which confront our people. We will be unable to realize our full potential as a nation.”

10. During Kennedy’s Term
Council’s name changed to the “President’s Council on Physical Fitness”
Nixon administration changed it to the current name “President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports”

11. 1980
American Alliance for Health Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD) published the Health-Related Physical Fitness Test Manual
Performance testing
Fitness testing

12. Epidemiological Studies
On health status of the population underscored the fact that degenerative diseases relate to poor health habits.
High-fat diet, smoking, inactivity
1970s, an increased use of exercise tests to diagnose heart disease
Large corporations developed “executive” fitness programs, which evolved into today’s “Corporate Fitness” programs

13. Undergraduate and Graduate Study
Growth in the number of exercise physiology laboratories in the 1950s and 1960s
Opportunities for graduate and undergraduate education
From physical education to exercise physiology
Graduates from these laboratories contributed to the field
Research productivity
Journals and professional societies

14. Translation of Exercise Science to the Consumer
Demand for correct information and programs about physical activity and health
University and college physical education departments have developed areas of study in exercise physiology and fitness
The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)
Developed certification programs to establish a standard of knowledge and skill for practitioners