1. The false vacuum bubble, the true vacuum bubble, and the instanton solution in curved space 1/23 APCTP 2010 YongPyong : Astro-Particle and Conformal Topical Physics Feb. 23-27, 2010 Bum-Hoon Lee and Wonwoo Lee (CQUeST & Sogang University) Based on arXiv: 0910.1653 by Bum-Hoon Lee, WL(CQUeST & Sogang), Chul H. Lee, and Changheon Oh(Hanyang), CQG 26:225002 (2009) by Bum-Hoon Lee, WL(CQUeST & Sogang)

2. The plan of this talk 1. Motivations 2. Our works related to the motivations 3. Bubble nucleation in the Einstein theory of gravity 4. Instanton solution mediating tunneling between the degenerate vacua 5. Time evolution 6. Summary and discussions 2/23

3. 1. Motivations (1) What did the spacetime look like in the very early universe? 3/23 (2) The idea of the string theory landscape has a vast number of metastable vacua. (4) Can we obtain the tunneling solution with O(4) symmetry between the degenerate vacua in the double well potential in de Sitter, flat or anti-de Sitter space? (3) Multiverse scenario

4. We would like to understand the mechanism how the complicated spacetime structure could be created and tunneling process occur. The tunneling process becomes a remarkable event in these framework. The calculation of bubble nucleation rates becomes one of the key problems. 4/23

5. 2. Our works related to the motivations 5/23 In 4 dimension (1) We have obtained the mechanism for the nucleation of a false vacuum bubble within the true vacuum background in the Einstein theory of gravity with a nonminimally coupled scalar field. W. Lee, B.-H. Lee, C. H. Lee, and C. Park, PRD 74, 123520 (2006). (2) We have obtained an expanding false vacuum bubble, without the initial singularity in the past, with an effective negative tension due to the nonminimal coupling within the true vacuum background. B.-H. Lee, C. H. Lee, W. Lee, S. Nam, and C. Park, PRD 77, 063502 (2008). (3) We classified the possible types of vacuum bubbles and calculated the radius and the nucleation rate. We present some numerical solutions as well as analytic computation using the thin-wall approximation. B.-H. Lee and W. Lee, CQG 26, 225002 (2009). (4) We study the tunneling transition between the degenerate vacua in flat and anti-de Sitter space. We obtain O(4)-symmetric bubble solution in these background. The nontrivial solution corresponding to the tunneling is possible only if gravity is taken into account. We propose a new formation mechanism of the dynamical geometry which has the finite size with the exact Z_2 symmetry. B.-H. Lee, C. H. Lee, W. Lee, and C. Oh, arXiv: 0910.1653.

6. In 5 dimension 6/23 (1) We classified the cosmological behaviors from the viewpoint of an observer on the domain wall and find a solution with multiple accelerations in five-dimension in the Einstein theory of gravity. B.-H. Lee, W. Lee, S. Nam, and C. Park, PRD 75, 103506 (2007). (2) We studied the dynamics of a domain wall universe embedded into the charged black hole spacetime of the Einstein-Born-Infeld (EBI) theory. There are four kinds of possible spacetime structures, i.e., those with no horizon, the extremal one, those with two horizons (as the RN black hole), and those with a single horizon (as the Schwarzshild black hole). We derive the effective cosmological equations on the wall. B.-H. Lee, W. Lee and M. Minamitsuji, PLB 679, 160 (2009).

7. 3. Bubble nucleation in the Einstein gravity The bubble nucleation rate or the decay rate of background vacuum B : Euclidean Action (semiclassical approx.) S. Coleman, PRD 15, 2929 (1977) S. Coleman and F. De Luccia, PRD21, 3305 (1980) S. Parke, PLB121, 313 (1983) A : determinant factor from the quantum correction C. G. Callan and S. Coleman, PRD 16, 1762 (1977) 7/23

8. Action We take O(4) symmetry for both scalar field and metric, excepting its dominant contribution then and Thus the Euclidean action becomes 8/23

9. The Euclidean field equations The boundary conditions for the solutions (de Sitter background) The asymptotic value of scalar field 9/23

10. potential The typical vacuum bubble profile with the wall False vacuum True vacuum 10/23

11. Flat-ds dS flat AdS 11/23

12. For the purpose of analytic computation, we do integration by parts where the surface term drops out and then substitute the field equation in the action, In the thin-wall approximation scheme, the action can be divided into three parts. Outside the wall : On the wall : 12/23

13. 3.1 True vacuum bubbles We now compute the contribution from inside the wall This can be seen by the relation 13/23

14. Numerical solutions for several types of true vacuum bubbles. 14/23

15. Large background (Parke): ( ) Half background : (, ) Small background : (, ) 15/23

16. 3.2 False vacuum bubbles (i) Reflected diagram of (3-1) (ii) Reflected diagram of (3-2) (iii) Reflected diagram of (3-3) 16/23

17. It is possible that the tunneling occurs via the potential with degenerate vacua in de Sitter space. The numerical solution of This tunneling is possible due to the changing role of the second term in Eucildean equation from damping to accelerating during the transition. The radius of the bubble and nucleation rate 4. Instanton solution mediating tunneling between the degenerate vacua 17/23

18. dS - dS Two observer’s point of view 18/23

19. flat -flat The radius of the solution and transition rate 19/23

20. AdS-AdS The radius of the solution and transition rate where 20/23 as the initial value of goes to increase, the exponent becomes

21. 5. Time evolution in Lorentzian Analytic continuation After the analytic continuation 21/23

22. analytic continuation If the whole spacetime has the exact symmetry by the junction condition effective potential 22/23

23. 6. Summary and Discussions We classified the possible types of vacuum bubbles and calculated the radius and the nucleation rate. We present some numerical solutions as well as analytic computation using the thin-wall approximation. We considered the pair creation of black holes in the background of bubble solutions. We obtained static bubble wall solutions of junction equation with black hole pair. [B.-H. Lee and W. Lee, CQG 26, 225002 (2009)] We study the tunneling process between the degenerate vacua in curved space. We show that there exist O(4)-symmetric solutions in not only de Sitter but also both flat and anti-de Sitter space. The nontrivial solution corresponding to the tunneling is possible only if gravity is taken into account. The numerical solutions as well as the analytic computations are presented. From the analysis of the instanton solutions, we propose a new formation mechanism of the dynamical geometry which has the finite size with the exact $Z_2$ symmetry. [B.-H. Lee, C. H. Lee, W. Lee, and C. Oh, arXiv:0910.1653] 23/23