1. Carbohydrates

2. Objectives
2. Investigate the properties of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
2.2 Compare mono-, di-, and polysaccharides and then provide examples of their usefulness to a living system.

3. What and how much we need to eat
Your body needs six essential nutrients in order to stay healthy: __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
If any of these nutrients are absent from your diet for too long, _____________________________________________
A healthy diet is generally one in which carbohydrates provide at _________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
Carbohydrates are found in __________________________ __________________________________________________ (plants and plant products)

4. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the ______________________________ _________________________________________________. Carbohydrate molecules are made up of carbon, oxygen, and oxygen.
A carbohydrate molecule is represented by a __________ where every corner is representative of a _______________ unless otherwise noted. Other combinations of oxygen and hydrogen are bonded to the carbons.
Carbohydrates can be broken down into three groups, __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ H
CH2OH HO OH O
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides are the ____________________________ _______________ types of carbohydrates. Sometimes called ____________________________they are a single ring shaped sugar molecule
Glucose and fructose are examples of monosaccharides.
Glucose is used during _______________________________ __________________________________________________ needed for cellular processes and physical activities
Found as left overs in plants after they have created their cellulose

6. Disaccharides
As the name suggests disaccharides are molecules made up of ___________________________________________
Sugars such as ____________________ (milk sugar) and _____________________ (table sugar) are two examples of disaccharides
To digest disaccharides your body must first ____________ __________________________________________________
Disaccharides are an important source of _______________ _________________________________ for the body

7. Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are commonly known as _______________ __________________________________________________
Poly- means ________________, therefore a polysaccharide is a molecule of ___________________________, and may consist of hundreds of simple sugars
Polysaccharides synthesised in plants come in two common forms, _____________________________
Starches must be broken down into simple sugars before they can be used in the body. The length of time it takes to break down the starches is why athletes consume pasta or other starchy foods before an important event. It will take their body time to break down the starches providing them with a steady source of simple sugars which help fuel their bodies for the physical exertion of competing.

8. Polysaccharides continued
The second kind of plant made polysaccharide is ____________________.
Cellulose a very long straight chain of simple sugars, which helps the plant stay upright.
The human body ___________________________________ cellulose, but it is still an important part of our diets as it provides fiber which aids in digestion
In the human body sugars are created and stored as glycogen. Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscle tissues. If the maximum amount of glycogen is stored, excess carbohydrates can be converted to lipids and stored as body fat. When ever energy is needed the glycogen can be converted back to useable glucose.

9. Fiber
Fiber is very important to our bodies, which sounds odd as we know we can’t digest it. So why do we need it?
______________________– soluble fiber may help to slow your body’s breakdown of carbohydrates and the absorption of sugar, helping with blood sugar control
__________________________– An inverse association has been found between fiber intake and heart attack as it blocks the absorption of cholesterol in the blood stream
_____________________________– Fiber supplements have been shown to enhance weight loss likely because fiber increases feelings of fullness
____________________________: Dietary fiber may reduce the risk of diverticulitis – an inflammation of polyps in your intestine – as it can be caused by passing hard stools

10. Fiber continued
__________________________________________________ _____________________– these issues are caused by passing hard stools. Adding fiber to stool increases the amount of water softening the stool
_______________________________________– as fiber can help slow the release of glucose into the blood and therefore will improve insulin production

11. To little sugar
If your body does not have enough glucose from carbohydrates it will ________________________________ __________________________________________________
When blood sugar levels drop to much it is called hypoglycemia. The beginning signs of Hypoglycemia include shaking, headaches, irritability and drowsiness. Hypoglycemia can be very serious and can cause seizures or loss of consciousness.

12. To much sugar
While we do need sugars to fuel our bodies, to much can be just as problematic at to little.
The bacteria found in ones mouth thrives on sugar, therefore to much sugar and improper oral hygiene can lead to tooth decay
Some people link sugar intake to ________________________, because when you increase the amount of sugar you increase the amount of energy being produced. ___________________ _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________ ______________________________. Type-2 diabetes is caused when an individual become insulin resistant. This can either mean that the pancreas can no longer produce enough insulin or can no longer use the insulin properly
Finally too much sugar has been linked to _________________ As when the maximum amount of glycogen has been stored in the muscles and liver excess sugar is converted into fat to be stored.

13. Alternative Sweeteners
Alternative sweeteners are added to food and beverages to imitate the taste of real sugar without the issues that have been associated with sugar. Alternative sweeteners have been determined to be safe. Some were once linked to cancers but these claims have now been disproved.
Though alternative sweeteners are better in the thought that they don’t contain any sugar which has been associated with many health risks there have been studies which link artificial sweeteners to increased insulin production. Increased insulin production causes one to crave sugar, so they may cause you to binge eat sugary foods