1. Chapter 13: Stress, Coping, and Health

2. The Relationship Between Stress and Disease Contagious diseases vs. chronic diseases –Biopsychosocial model –Health psychology Health promotion and maintenance –Discovery of causation, prevention, and treatment

3. Figure 13.1 Changing patterns of illness

4. The Process of Stress Components of the stress process: –Stressors –Stress reactions –Stress mediators These components affect one another

5. Stress: An Everyday Event Major stressors vs. routine hassles –Cumulative nature of stress –Cognitive appraisals

6. Psychological Stressors Any event that forces a person to adapt Examples: –Catastrophic events –Life changes and strains –Chronic problems –Daily hassles

7. Major Types of Stress Frustration: blocked goal Conflict: incompatible motivations –Approach-approach –Approach-avoidance –Avoidance-avoidance Change: having to adapt –Social Readjustment Rating Scale –Life Change Units Pressure –Perform/conform

8. Figure 13.2 Types of conflict

9. Responding to Stress A – affective (emotional) response B – behavioral response C – cognitive response

10. Psychological Responses to Stress Affective (emotional) Responses –Annoyance, anger, rage –Apprehension, anxiety, fear –Dejection, sadness, grief –Positive emotions Usually stops soon after stressors disappear If stressors are persistent or close together –Emotional reactions may persist –May develop into severe problems such as: Generalized anxiety disorder Major depression

11. Psychological Responses to Stress Behavioral Responses Coping –Frustration-aggression hypothesis –Catharsis –Defense mechanisms

12. Psychological Responses to Stress: Cognitive Responses Reductions in the ability to concentrate, think clearly, or remember accurately Include: –Ruminative thinking –Catastrophizing –Mental sets –Functional fixedness –Impaired decision making

13. Figure 13.4 Overview of the stress process

14. Figure 13.5 Arousal and performance

15. Responding to Stress Physiologically Physiological Responses –Fight-or-flight response –Selye’s G eneral A daptation S yndrome Alarm Resistance Exhaustion

16. “Stress is the spice of life.” “There are two main types of human beings: ‘racehorses,’ who thrive on stress and are only happy with a vigorous fast-paced lifestyle; and ‘turtles,’ who in order to be happy require peace, quiet, and a generally tranquil environment. Hans Selye Identity confusion…

17. Effects of Stress: Behavioral and Psychological Impaired task performance Burnout Psychological problems & disorders Positive effects

18. Figure 13.7 The antecedents, components, and consequences of burnout

19. Effects of Stress: Physical Psychosomatic diseases Heart disease –Type A behavior - 3 elements strong competitiveness impatience & time urgency anger & hostility –Emotional reactions & depression Stress and immune functioning –Reduced immune activity

20. Figure 13.9 Anger and coronary risk

22. Figure 13.11 The stress-illness correlation

23. Factors Moderating the Impact of Stress Social support –Increased immune functioning Optimism –More adaptive coping –Pessimistic explanatory style Conscientiousness –Fostering better health habits Autonomic reactivity –Cardiovascular reactivity to stress

24. Health-Impairing Behaviors Smoking Poor nutrition Lack of exercise Alcohol and drug use Risky sexual behavior

25. Figure 13.12 The prevalence of smoking in the United States Illusion

26. Figure 13.13 Quitting smoking and cancer risk

27. Reactions to Illness Seeking treatment –Ignoring physical symptoms Communication with health care providers –Barriers to effective communication Following medical advice –Noncompliance

28. Figure 13.16 Biopsychosocia l factors in health

29. Chapter 13: Stress, Coping, and Health