1. In-Situ 1,4 Dioxane Remediation in HVOC Sites Andrew Brolowski William B. Kerfoot Kerfoot Technologies, Inc. IUVA/IOA North American Conference May 4-5, 2009 Cambridge, Massachusetts

2. 1,4 DIOXANE - CHARACTERISTICS O O C4H8O2C4H8O2 MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 88.20 DENSITY: 1.033 BOILING POINT: 101°C MELTING POINT: 10°C VAPOR PRESSURE: 30mmHg (20°C) SOLUBILITY: COMPLETELY MISCIBLE

3. Ozone Chemical Oxidation Microbubble ozone-peroxide Nanobubble ozone

4. Organic Compounds Found on Site 1,4 Dioxane Chlorinated Chloroethenes – TCE, cis 1,2 DCE, 1,1DCE Chloroethanes – 1,1 DCA Freon PCBs “Competitive Contaminant Destruction During Ozone-Peroxide Chemical Oxidation: Implications for In-situ Remediation of 1,4 Dioxane,” Lowell Kessel, Paris Hajali, Bruce Nielsen, Kevin Olivo, AEHS, 2004.

5. Site Conditions Lithology 0-30 ft. alluvial deposits – sand and silt 30-50 ft. weathered granitic bedrock 50-90 ft. competent granite Sieve Analysis 25 ft. sample: gravel.07%, sand 93.6%, silt & clay 6.3% 60 ft. sample: gravel 2.4%, sand 87.7%, silt & clay 7.9% GW Elevation Varies 8 to 15 ft. bgs Horizontal K (alluvium) = 18 ft./day; vertical 0.7 ft./day Horizontal K (weathered granite) = 21 ft./day; vertical 0.4 ft./day

7. Equipment

14. Nano to Microbubble Production

15. University of Twente, Netherlands Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 204502Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 204502 1μm1μm

16. NANOBUBBLE CHARACTERISTICS Low rise rate<.001 m/minute Enhanced reactivity>10 -8 m -1 s -1 Negative chargeMolecular arrangement Long half-life>20 hours Low surface tension<.02 g/cm High surface/volume ratio>5.0 Hydrophobic attack Preference for attacking hydrophobic molecules

18. Nanobubble Structure 5μm5μm

24. Conclusions Perozone® effectively treats 1,4 dioxane and chloroethenes in field applications Sites have moved from pilot testing to full application Laboratory testing indicates both Perozone® and nanobubble ozone are efficient oxidizers of 1,4 dioxane With Nanozox™, TCE is removed at 5 times the rate of air stripping (air sparging) The gas phase can be suspended as a reactive emulsion in water, having a negatively charged nanobubbles