1. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar The Pharmacy Technician FOUNDATIONS AND PRACTICES Chapter 22 Eyes and Ears

2. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Figure 22.1 Anatomy of the eye.

3. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Anatomy of the Eye Cornea—clear or transparent outer “window” of the eye Sclera—opaque, white portion around the circumference of the cornea Conjunctiva—thin, transparent layer that extends from the edge of the cornea to cover the sclera; also lines the inside of the eyelids

4. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Anatomy of the Eye (cont.) Iris—colored disc visible through the cornea Pupil—opening in the iris Lens (crystalline lens)—located directly behind the iris

5. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Anatomy of the Eye (cont.) Retina—sensory tissue that lines the back of the eye Optic nerve—visual pathway by which electrical impulses move from the retina to the brain and back Macula—small, yellowish area in the retina that provides the most central and acute vision

6. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Anatomy of the Eye (cont.) Vitreous humor—occupies about 80 percent of the interior of the eye; composed mostly of water Choroid—layer of nourishing blood vessels between the sclera and the retina Extraocular muscles—regulate the motion of each eye

7. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Figure 22.8 Anatomy of the ear.

8. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Anatomy of the Ear The outer ear structures are the visible portion of the ear The middle ear structures include: –Tympanic membrane (eardrum) –Auditory canal –Malleus, incus, and stapes –Eustachian tube

9. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Anatomy of the Ear (cont.) The inner ear structures include: –Cochlea, snail-shaped organ that contains the nerves required for hearing –Vestibular labyrinth, which contains the sense organs required for balance

10. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Function of the Eye The function of the eye is sight In humans, stereoscopic vision creates depth perception

11. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Figure 22.2 The eye as a camera.

12. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Functions of the Ears The ears have two separate functions: to hear and to govern balance These functions are not interdependent –One may be deaf and have perfect balance –One may have perfect hearing and have a disrupted sense of balance

13. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Common Diseases of the Eyes Stye (hordeolum)—localized infection of the sebaceous gland in a hair follicle at the base of an eyelash Blepharitis—inflammation of the eyelid margins, accompanied by redness, thickening, and possibly the formation of scales and crusts or shallow marginal ulcers

14. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Common Diseases of the Eyes (cont.) Conjunctivitis—acute or chronic inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by a virus, bacteria, allergy, or irritant such as wind, smoke, or snow Vascular retinopathy—noninflammatory disease in which the retina has become damaged

15. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Figure 22.3 Bacterial conjunctivitis. (Phototake NYC.)

16. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Table 22.1 Various Topical Ophthalmics Used for Ocular Infections

17. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Table 22.1 (continued) Various Topical Ophthalmics Used for Ocular Infections

18. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Table 22.1 (continued) Various Topical Ophthalmics Used for Ocular Infections

19. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Table 22.1 (continued) Various Topical Ophthalmics Used for Ocular Infections

20. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Table 22.1 (continued) Various Topical Ophthalmics Used for Ocular Infections

21. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Table 22.1 (continued) Various Topical Ophthalmics Used for Ocular Infections

22. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Table 22.2 Drugs for Glaucoma with Various Mechanisms of Action

23. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Table 22.2 (continued) Drugs for Glaucoma with Various Mechanisms of Action

24. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Table 22.2 (continued) Drugs for Glaucoma with Various Mechanisms of Action

25. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Table 22.2 (continued) Drugs for Glaucoma with Various Mechanisms of Action

26. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Table 22.2 (continued) Drugs for Glaucoma with Various Mechanisms of Action

27. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Table 22.2 (continued) Drugs for Glaucoma with Various Mechanisms of Action

28. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Table 22.2 (continued) Drugs for Glaucoma with Various Mechanisms of Action

29. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Table 22.2 (continued) Drugs for Glaucoma with Various Mechanisms of Action

30. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Diseases of the Ears Otitis media—an inflammation and infection of the middle ear Hearing loss—technically not a disease; there are many types of hearing loss Earwax buildup—also not a disease; this condition can lead to temporary hearing loss, loss of homeostasis, and irritation of the ear