1. Zygomatic arch Mastoid tip Nose Feet Occiput Emissary vein Macewe n’s triangle Complications: Hemorrhage. Dissectional. Temporal line. Meninge. sinodural angle. Sigmoid sinus. Destruction of posterior canal wall. Perforation of posterior canal wall. Head

2. Complications: Failing to identify: Korner’s septom. Anrum. Tegmen plate. Destruction of posterior canal wall. Perforation of posterior canal wall.

3. Mastoid tip Tegmen plate Sino dural angle Posterior External auditory canal Complications: Failing to identify : Digastric ridge. Falopian’s Canals. Tegmen plate. Destruction of posterior canal wall. Perforation of posterior canal wall.

4. Complications: Unable to recognize of: Digastric ridge. Falopian’s Canals. Tegmen plate. Retrofacial area.

5. Antrotomy complications : 1 - Posterior Canal wall 2 - Lateral semicircular canal 3- Tegmen Plate 4 - Fossa Incudis and Incus 5 - Posterior S C C

6. Landmarks : 1 - Tegmen tympani 2 – Incus 3 - Lateral semicircular canal 4 - Malleus 5 - Facial nerve

7. Tympanoplasty Complications: Unable to recognize of: Digastric ridge. Falopian’s Canals. Tegmen plate. Retrofacial area.

8. Landmarks : 1 - Posterior Canal wall 2 - Lateral semicircular canal 3 - Lateral semicircular canal 4 - Fossa Incudis and Incus 5 - Pyramidal Genu of VII N 6 - Facial recess cells !

9. Landmarks : 1 - Facial nerve 2 - Chorda tympani 3 - Lateral semicircular canal 4 - Fossa Incudis and Incus 5 - Pyramidal Genu of VII N 6 - Stapes

10. Landmarks : 1 - Posterior canal wall 1 - Facial nerve 2 - Incus 3 - Tegmen tympani 4 - Sigmoid sinus 5 - Sinodural angle 8 - LSCC

12.  Bleeding or infection in the ear or in the wound  Failure of the repair. Persistence of the tympanic membrane perforation may occur and may require further surgery  Recurrence of the tympanic membrane perforation may occur and may require further surgery  Ringing (tinnitus) or dizziness may occur and may be temporary permanent  Failure to improve hearing. An improvement in hearing may not be apparent despite the surgery being successful in repairing the hole  Altered sensation of taste may occasionally occur  Intracranial complications are rare  Partial loss of hearing or total loss of hearing may rarely occur  Temporary loss of sensation to pinna.  Temporary or permanent paralysis of the muscles of the face may rarely occur  Abnormal scar tissue formation. This may result in a thickened, wide red scar which may require further surgery