2. Life for Many African-Americans From 1870-1920 Why were African-Americans left out of the Progressive Era reforms?

3. Constitutional Amendments After the Civil War 4 13 th – Prohibits Slavery 4 14 th – Grants citizenship & “equal protection under the law” to all citizens 4 15 th – Grants all men the right to vote NOT ENFORCED by late 1800’s Plessy v. Ferguson

5. I. Political Treatment

6. 4 Poll Taxes 4 Literacy Tests 4 Grandfather Clauses 4 Intimidation & Violence 4 Closed primaries 4 All these limit political participation of blacks Examples

7. Why did white leaders continue to limit the political power of African-Americans?

8. II. Economic Treatment

9. Sharecropping 1890

10. Domestic & Manual Jobs

11. DeFacto Segregation

12. How does economic oppression perpetuate inequality? Why do you think the U.S. government allowed this violation of the 14 th Amendment?

13. III. Social Treatment

14. “Jim Crow” Laws Became the norm

16. Lynchings

18. Lynchings continued to occur well into the 20 th century. What does that show you?

19. IV. Reformers in Conflict Booker T. WashingtonW.E.B. Du Bois

20. Booker T Washington 4 What were Booker T Washington’s objectives and motivations? 4 (Brief biography…) (Brief biography…)

21. Tuskegee Institute

22. W.E.B. DuBois 4 Harvard PhD 4 Civil Rights activist 4 “talented 10 th ” of blacks need to develop new strategies

23. Niagara Movement & NAACP

24. Niagara Movement 4 Full voting rights (1964/65) 4 End to segregation (1954) 4 Equal treatment in justice system (still not fully realized…) 4 Equal opportunity in military (1941) 4 Equal opportunity in education (1964)

25. Ida B. Wells 4 Anti-lynching 4 Editorials 4 Sit-in 4 Founding of NAACP Ida B Wells…

27. Wilson’s In-action and Legacy 4 1913 intro formal segreg in gov’t 4 Showed Birth of a Nation 4 WWI served in large numbers 4 1919 Red Summer 4 1921 Tulsa Riots

28. Northern Migration 4 1.5 million 4 1910-1930 4 Moved to North and Midwest from the South –This would usher in a new phase in the evolution of civil rights for African-Americans

29. Harlem Renaissance