1. DESALINIZACION DEL AGUA PARA INCREMENTAR LA DISPONIBILIDAD EN EL ESTADO DE SONORA GOBIERNO DEL ESTADO DE SONORA SECRETARÍA DE AGRICULTURA, GANADERÍA, RECURSOS HIDRÁULICOS, PESCA Y ACUACULTURA Por: Rodrigo González Desalination for water supply augmentation in the Sonora State Comité del Agua Con el apoyo de: FONDO SECTORIAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y DESARROLLO SOBRE EL AGUA

2. Water is the basic engine of the system that supports life and development our own life Agriculture and cattle Live beings or obtaining power Our food has water Every live being has water in its body Multiple industrial processes

3. It is a province that has a unique nature and also has a high potential for economic development directly related to water availability in the region Sonora …

4. ESCALERA NÁUTICA MEGAPROJECT: INVESTMENT FOR TOURIST, COAST AND HIGHWAY INFRASTRUCTURE 60,000 empleos directos Inversión de 520 millones de USD 5 millones de turistas anuales (+800%) Retorno de 12,000 millones de USD.

5. Even though there is a small amount of fresh water in relation to the total amount of water in the planet, it is still abundant, but.... ….its distribution is unequal Unequal in time: Álvaro Obregón Dam (Río Yaqui) Floods Droughts Meteorological extreme phenomena The droughts have persisted for 7-10 years

6. Unequal in geographic areas Precipitations are scarce in the North of Sonora, but “abundant” in the South Altar Desert Wetlands of Río Yaqui Recent Tabasco flooding

7. The planet suffers from water and degradation stress. The index of available water per capita is below the necessary level to satisfy a country’s needs Thus, it must be guaranteed the ecosystem’s resistance to different kinds of stress: pollution, climate change, etc…  The demographic growth.  The overexploitation of water resources.  Physical and chemical manipulations to the territory.  Wastewaters without treatment. The main causes for degradation are:

8. Overexploitation of the water and groundwater Principal reasons of the reduction and pollution of water resources of Sonora Water pollution: Others:  Lack of culture of water and ineffective application of instruments of management and legislation.  Inappropriate managing of superficial and ground waters.  Insufficient measurement and control of the extracted volumes.  Insufficient hydrological information necessary for the planning and managing of the hydraulic resources.  Deforestation that accelerates the erosion and evaporation.  Partial coverage of the services of drinkable water and sewer.  Inappropriate managing and scanty treatment, public - urban of wastewater and direct unloads of cattle, industrial, mines, etc…  Inadequate and excessive use of agrochemical in agricultural zones  Reduction in the water table of the aquifers of Mesa del Seri-La Victoria, Pesqueira, Sonoyta-Puerto Peñasco and alluvial valley of Río Yaqui (in Hornos Town)  Sea water intrusion in the coastal aquiferous near the Valleys of Guaymas-Boca Abierta, Costa de Hermosillo and Caborca

9. The overexploited coastal aquifers like the one in Guaymas-Empalme, present the most severe seawater intrusion These problems could be dealt by:

10. While facing this critical situation, different options are proposed, although dealing with such complex problem can be done by the combination of all options and a good management Desalination OPTIONS: Wastewaters treatment and recycling Use reduction strategies (improve efficiency) and preservation of water ecosystems Desalination represents an alternative consolidated by its technical and economic viability.

11. Great Hydraulic Projects of Northamerica (Transbasing) NAWAPA: North American Water and Power Alliance. PLHINO: Plan Hidráulico del Noroeste. PLHIGON: Plan Hidráulico del Golfo Norte. Cooper y Frías, 1964. Seawater desalination tower that will be installed in the coast of California. EME Process (284.000 m 3 /day)

12. REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALINATION COST TENDENCIES

13. 1.Thermal Technology: it covers Multi- Stage Flash (MSF), Multi-Effect Distillation (MED) and Mechanical Vapor Compression (MVC). 2.Membrane Technology: it covers Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Electrodyalisis (ED). DESALINATION is obtained by the processes of: Consolidated alternative with a strong growth According to the last inventory in December 2005 of the International Desalination Association (IDA) the world capacity is 47 Million m 3, by 12,300 desalination plants located in 155 countries.

14. National inventory of desalination plants in Mexico taken in December 2006 StateDesalination plants SitesNumber of units % National Do they operate?Maximum installed capacity YesNom 3 /d Baja California23388.74%241451,938 BCS717316.78%532036,971 Campeche8194.37%1455,456 Coahuila31337.59%23107,668 Colima17184.14%222,856 Edo. de México340.92%227,000 D.F.14173.91%12595,471 Durango26 5.98%13 868 Guerrero661.38%332,355 Jalisco340.92%312,865 Morelos2214.83%211 110 Nuevo León551.15%52 2,847 Oaxaca140.92%41 14,256 Q. Roo7912428.51%735153,339 SLP110.23%1060 Sonora16225.06%1579,349 Tamaulipas440.92%225,100 Veracruz9153.45%11412,167 Yucatán110.23%11 700 Total national320435100%282153311,377 IDA e ITSON (2006)

15. Hydrology Hydrogeology Geophysics exploration applied to hydrology Hydraulic and sanitary engineering Environmental hydrology Technologies and processes of desalination of sea water for the production of drinkable water and ultrapure water Development of technologies for the efficient use of water To formulate and to check policies for the management and the sustainable managing of water Workshops of ecological education and promotion of the culture of water Regional Center for Research and Development of Water (CRIDA, ITSON)

16. Products  Monitoring of the quality of water and ground waters in the basin of the Sonora, Zanjón and San Miguel de Horcasitas rivers  Detailed characterization of the superficial permeability in places of the riverbed of the rivers Sonora and San Miguel de Horcasitas in the basins  Determination of the efficiency of a pilot desalination plant for drinkable water, to be in use in the design of a real scale plant  Ocean and hydrologic research of the Cochorit - Guásimas coastal zone  Geophysical explorations of the quality of water for the supply of drinkable water to Alamos City  Development of national laws and rules for the control of the wastewater and brines of desalination plants

17. El Cochórit Playas del Sol RESEARCH OF DESALINATION PLANT FOR GUAYMAS-EMPALME DESALINATION PLANT

18. Guaymas-Empalme Water System 450 LPS 380 LPS 260 LPS “RIO YAQUI” INTAKE “ESTACION CORRAL” TANK PB-1 PB-2 C-1 “BOCA ABIERTA” INTAKE RE-PUMPING “SAN JOSE” RE-PUMPING “BATUECAS” GUAYMAS “MAYTORENA” INTAKE EMPALME 160 LPS 600 LPS Support 57,000 hab Support 84,000 hab Support 100,000 hab 280 LPS 250 LPS 270 LPS 530 LPS “YAQUI-GUAYMAS” AQUEDUCT 60,000 hab 130,000 hab 20 LPS 60 LPS 50 LPS SEA 117 km Group of wells of the Alluvial Valley of the Río Yaqui, brings 450 LPS Desalination Plant 100-550 LPS BRACKISH WATER AQUIFER Solution Alternatives

19. Endless source of water Economic development of the location Water quality improvement for the cities Elimination of the intake need of the Yaqui-Guaymas aquifer Recuperation of the Alluvial of the Río Yaqui aquifer Eradication of seawater intrusion in the Guaymas aquifer Future vision of the water supply to Hermosillo and example to other coastal cities A cost of US$ 0.7/m 3 is considered by a BOT contract for 20 years It will be done in several phases, with modules of 100 LPS BENEFITS (Guaymas, Empalme, Rìo Yaqui)

20. Depression in the water table in the Alluvial Valley of Río Yaqui (1996 and 2003). On the right, vegetation lost shown in color (1994 and 2004). 1996 2004 2003 1994 Z-I Z-II Z-III Z-IV Z-V Regional Trees: Alamo (Populus fremontii), Sauce (Salix laevigata), Guamuchil (Pithecellobium dulce) and Mezquite (Prosopis glandulosa)

21. SONORA Cities No. of habitants2005Projection to 2030 1980199020002005 Demand m3/yearHabitants Demand m3/year Hermosillo340,779448,966629,882691,16463,068,715955,12987,155,521 Guaymas97,962129,092133,895139,58812,737,405156,80214,308,183 Empalme41,06346,01751,49455,0805,026,05068,1086,214,855 Puerto Peñasco26,75526,62537,41633,730 3,077,86261,4135,603,936 Huatabampo60,39970,02778,51780,924 7,384,31595,6018,723,591 Total568,938722,717933,2041,002,49191,294,3471,337,053122,006,087 Source: INEGI censo de población y vivienda 1980,1990, 2000 y 2005 Population and Drinkable Water Demand of Sonora Water Demand of Empalme 160 LPS or 573 m3/h (2007)