3. From Cells to Organ Systems Cells combine to form tissues, and tissues combine to form organs Cells combine to form four primary tissues –Epithelial tissue –Connective tissue –Muscle tissue –Nervous tissue

4. Two types: –membranous epithelia form the coverings or linings of organs –glandular epithelia form exocrine and endocrine glands Epithelium

5. Epithelial Tissue

7. Epithelium-Human Stomach

9. Glandular Epithelia Epithelial tissues illustrate a basic biological principle: that structure closely correlates with function

10. Figure 4.4

11. Binds the cells and organs of the body together –All connective tissues consist of two basic components: cells and extracellular fibers Two types of connective tissue are: –Connective tissue proper –Specialized connective tissue Section 4-1 Connective Tissue

14. An important structural component of organs – Consists of two types: Dense connective tissue Loose connective tissue Connective Tissue

16. Perform specific functions essential to homeostasis The body contains three types of specialized connective tissue: Cartilage Bone Blood Specialized Connective Tissues

17. Cartilage –Consists of specialized cells embedded in a matrix of extracellular fibers and other extracellular material Blood –Contains blood cells, platelets, plasma

18. Osseous Tissue Bone –Consists of bone cells (osteocytes) and a calcified cartilage matrix Two types of bone tissue exist: spongy and compact

19. Osseous Tissue

20. Consists of specialized cells that contract when stimulated The body has three types of muscle tissue: Skeletal (voluntary) Cardiac (involuntary) Smooth muscle (involuntary) Muscle Tissue

22. Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue

23. Nervous Tissue Contains specialized cells that conduct impulses Conducting cells, called neurons, transmit impulses from one region of the body to another. Nonconducting cells, neuroglia, are a type of nervous system connective tissue.

24. Nerve Tissue

26. Organ Systems Tissues combine to form organs. – Organs are discrete structures that have evolved to perform specific functions – Most organs do not function alone, they are part of a group of cooperative organs, called an organ system.