1. WORLD GEOGRAPHY December 9, 2014

2. Today Unit 10 (Human Environment)

3. Unit 10: Human Environment Key aspects: - How the Earth’s environment has changed over time - How humans have impacted Earth’s environment - Major factors contributing to environmental change today - How humans are responding to environmental change

4. How Earth’s Environment has changed

5. Plate Tectonics Division of the Earth’s crust into plates, which are in motion

6. Recent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

8. Mount Toba, Indonesia

9. Volcanic Eruptions 1 billion years ago - Mass depletions: Loss of diversity from failure of new species to appear - Mass extinctions: 3 over last half-billion years Fragmentation of Pangaea - 160–180 million years ago - Pacific Ring of Fire as last remnant of these eruptions

10. Pangea (“super continent”)

11. Pacific Ring of Fire

12. Glaciations Pleistocene (less than 2 million years ago) marked by: - Glaciations: Permanent ice stable and growing - Interglaciation: Warming spell in which ice recedes

13. Glaciations Emergence of humans (homo sapiens) during interglacial between 120,000 and 100,000 years ago Most recent glaciation: Wisconsin Glaciation

14. Wisconsin Glaciation

15. Recent Glacial History Holocene: Interglaciation that began 18,000 years ago. “Little Ice Age” - A minor glaciation that began in the early 1300s - Growing glaciers - Effects on agricultural production - Abandonment of Greenland and Iceland by Europeans - Abandonment of Chung Ho’s voyages - Black Death (bubonic plague)

16. Warming Phase Eruption of Tambora (1815) on Sumatra (Indonesia) - Local pollution of land and water by ash and acid - Ash and dust in atmosphere - Cooling of temperatures worldwide: “Year without summer” (1816) - Food shortages Warming since about 1850

17. Human Impact on the Environment Altering ecosystems - All humans (over time) altering environments - Impact greater with growth in population Environmental stress - Cutting forests, emitting pollutants, spilling oil - Burying toxic waste, dumping garbage in oceans

18. Water A renewable resource (replenished as used) Water shortages: Depletion of water in aquifers (porous, water-holding rocks) at a rapid rate Causes of shortages - Growing population - Large population concentrations near small supplies - Agricultural and industrial use

19. Hydrological Cycle

20. Precipitation Distribution

21. Desalination plants

22. The Dying Aral Sea Effects of climatic cycles and human interference

23. The Dying Aral Sea http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cbSkRS8Ih7o

24. Water & Israeli-Palestinian Relations Israel’s major water resources - Jordan River - Aquifer under West Bank 30 percent of flow to Sea of Galilee from Golan Heights

25. Atmosphere A thin layer of air lying directly above the lands and oceans

26. Atmosphere A thin layer of air lying directly above the lands and oceans Natural impacts (volcanic eruptions) Human impacts - Global warming - Acid rain

27. The Land Deforestation : - Effect on oxygen cycle - Biodiversity and habitats - Pollution

28. The Land - Deforestation

32. The Land Soil erosion: - Soil not having enough time to rebound - Farmers not efficiently/properly using soil (increased demand) - Livestock destroying vegetation

33. The Land – Soil Erosion

34. Approx. 9600 km 2 of cropland lost to soil erosion each year

35. Next Class - Continue Unit 10 (Human Environment)