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OF AP PSYCH Part 1
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- First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism
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- The mind is not observable and not subject to natural laws -The mind of controls the body, while the body provides the mind with sensory input
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-Began the school of thought known as empiricism (acquisition of truth through observations) - Used the Term Tabula Rasa (blank slate) which means all knowledge is gained through experience
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-Only things that exist are matter and energy -Theories influenced the school of thought known as behaviorism
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-Founder of the Science of Psychology -Opened first laboratory to study consciousness
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- First U.S. Psychologist - Theory known as Structuralism, understanding the smallest parts of the mind will give greater understanding of the greater structure of the mind
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- 1 st women to become President of the American Psychological Association
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-American activist that lobbied for the rights of the mentally ill and led to the establishment of state-run mental institutions
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-First President of the American Psychological Association
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-First African American to receive a Ph.D. in Psychology
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-First African American female to receive a Ph.D. in Psychology
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-Theory of Natural Selection -Evolutionary theory sets the stage by establishing behavior as observable and therefore subject to scientific scrutiny
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-Researched areas in the brain associated with the ability to speak (frontal area of the left hemisphere of the brain) - Section of the brain renamed Broca’s area
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-Researched the area of the brain associated with the ability to comprehend speech (rear area of the left temporal lobe) - Section of the brain named Wernicke’s Brain
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- Researched that the two hemispheres of the brain can operate independently of each other -Split-Brain Research
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- Leading researcher in cognitive neuroscience
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- Researched humans ability to see color -Theory that cones in the retina are activated by light waves associated with blue, red and green (all other colors are a blend of the three)
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- Weber’s Law, which states the greater the magnitude of the stimulus the larger the difference must be to be noticed - Ex: For a 20 pound bowling ball, it needs to be a huge weight change rather than a small weight change to be noticed
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-Founder of Psychophysics (relationship between stimulus and sensation)
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-Discoveries in the field of information processing in the visual system
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-Psychoanalytic Approach -Conscious Mind vs. Unconscious Mind -Resolution of unconscious conflicts through uncovering repressed memories
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- Theory known as REM rebound, REM sleep increases the more humans are deprived of sleep
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-School of Thought known as Functionalism, Understand how the mind fulfills its purpose
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-Researchers that studied REM sleep, discovered eyes move more vigorously during REM sleep
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-Identified the stages that people tend to come to terms with dying (Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance)
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- Leading researcher in the scientific study of lucid dreaming
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-Researcher in the field of hypnosis
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-Behavoralist Approach -Landmark experiment (Pavlov’s Dog Experiment), identified the aspects of Classical Conditioning
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- Behavoralist Approach -Applied Classical Conditioning theories to humans (Little Albert Experiment )
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-Studied form of classical conditioning known as conditioned taste aversion -Animals are biologically conditioned to associate illness with foul smelling/looking food
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- Behavoralist Approach - Developed the theories of Operant Conditioning (Skinner Box)
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- Theory of Social Learning, or observational learning (Bobo Doll Experiment)
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-Human Learning takes place by neurons forming new connections with one another or by strengthening ones that already exist
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-Neuroscientist that researched long-term potentiation(LTP), which is that learning takes place at the neural level
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-Experiments that researched the concept of Latent Learning, or learning that is not outwardly expressed until the situation arises -Cognitive component of learning
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- Elementary learning processing
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-Theory of connectionism (neural networks) and helped lay the scientific foundation for Modern Educational Psychology
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-Experiments with short-term visual memory, or Iconic memory
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- Concept of an innate language acquisition device, which helps in the development of language in children
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-Theory of Linguistic Relativity, in which speakers of different languages develop different cognitive systems as a result of their differences in language and culture
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-Experiments addressing the concept of insight, sudden understanding of a problem or problem solving ability -Thinking “outside the box”
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- One of the Founding Fathers of Gestalt Psychology
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-Experimental study of memory and developed the learning curve (learned knowledge graph)
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-Researcher in the field of human memory (misinformation effect and eyewitness memory
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-Pioneer in the field of Cognitive Psychology (average number of 7 in short-term memory)
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- Focused on the psychology of prediction and probability judgment ( ambiguity aversion)
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-Researched the reward centers of the brain (located in the hypothalamus) -Biological reasoning for motivation
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-Tasks of moderate difficulty bring about the highest level of performance -Tasks too easy or too hard elicit the lowest levels of performance
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- Motivation is based on individual differences and varying environments
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- Environmental stimuli cause physiological changes and responses Stimulus Physiological Response Experience Of Emotion
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-Physiological response and the experience of emotion occur simultaneously to the stimulus Stimulus Physiological Arousal Experience of Emotion
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- Two Factor Theory, the emotion that we experience is a result of the cognitive label that - individual’s apply to it Stimulus Physiological Arousal Cognitive Appraisal Experience of Emotion
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- Fight or Flight Response, in relation to coping with stress
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-Cognitive Theory of how we respond to stress (evaluates whether the event appears to be stressful and if one can handle it)
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-Pioneer in the study of emotions and their relation to facial expressions (atlas of emotions)
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- Work in the field of Comparative Psychology (Opponent-process theory of emotion)
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- Developer of the Mere Exposure effect
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