1. Lecture #20Date _______ u Chapter 45 ~ Chemical Signals in Animals

2. Regulatory systems u Hormone~ chemical signal secreted into body fluids (blood) communicating regulatory messages u Target cells~ body cells that respond to hormones u Endocrine system/glands~ hormone secreting system/glands (ductless); exocrine glands secrete chemicals (sweat, mucus, enzymes) through ducts u Neurosecretory cells~ actual cells that secrete hormones u Feedback mechanisms ~ negative and positive

3. Local regulators: cells adjacent to or near point of secretion u Growth factors ~ proteins for cell proliferation u Nitric oxide (NO) ~ neurotransmitter; cell destruction; vessel dilation u Prostaglandins ~ modified fatty acids secreted by placenta and immune system; also found in semen

4. Mode of Action: Chemical Signaling u 1- Plasma membrane reception signal-transduction pathways (neurotransmitters, growth factors, most hormones) u 2- Cell nucleus reception steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, some local regulators

5. Growth Hormone

6. Vertebrate Endocrine System u Tropic hormones ~ a hormone that has another endocrine gland as a target u Hypothalamus~pituitary u Pituitary gland u Pineal gland u Thyroid gland u Parathyroid glands u Thymus u Adrenal glands u Pancreas u Gonads (ovary, testis)

7. Hypothalamus Releasing and Inhibiting Hormones Anterior Pituitary (master gland) Posterior Pituitary ADH Oxytocin Thirst Take up H2O in collecting duct of kidney

8. TROPIC HORMONES T3/T4 Calcitonin Testosterone Estrogen Progesterone Short-term Epinephrine Long-term Glucocorticoids

10. The hypothalamus & pituitary, I u Releasing and inhibiting hormones u Anterior pituitary: u Growth (GH)~bones √gigantism/dwarfism √acromegaly u Prolactin (PRL)~mammary glands; milk production u Follicle-stimulating (FSH) & u Luteinizing (LH)~ovaries/testes u Thyroid-stimulating (TSH)~ thyroid u Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)~ adrenal cortex u Melanocyte-stimulating (MSH) u Endorphins~natural ‘opiates’; brain pain receptors

11. The pituitary, II u The posterior pituitary: u Oxytocin ~ uterine and mammary gland cell contraction u Antidiuretic (ADH )~ retention of water by kidneys

12. The pineal, thyroid, & parathyroid u Melatonin ~ pineal gland; biological rhythms u Thyroid hormones: Calcitonin~ lowers blood calcium Thyroxine~ metabolic processes u Parathyroid (PTH)~ raises blood calcium

13. The pancreas u Islets of Langerhans u Alpha cells: glucagon~ raises blood glucose levels u Beta cells: insulin~ lowers blood glucose levels u Type I diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent; autoimmune disorder) u Type II diabetes mellitus (non-insulin-dependent; reduced responsiveness in insulin targets)

14. The adrenal glands u Adrenal medulla (catecholamines): epinephrine & norepinephrine~ increase basal metabolic rate (blood glucose and pressure) u Adrenal cortex (corticosteroids): glucocorticoids (cortisol)~ raise blood glucose mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)~ reabsorption of Na+ and K+

15. The gonads u Steroid hormones: precursor is cholesterol u androgens (testosterone)~ sperm formation; male secondary sex characteristics; gonadotropin u estrogens (estradiol)~uterine lining growth; female secondary sex characteristics; gonadotropin u progestins (progesterone)~uterine lining growth

16. The female pattern u Estrous cycles/estrus (many mammals) u Menstrual cycle (humans and many other primates): u Ovarian/Menstrual cycles~ follicular phase ~follicle growth ovulation ~ oocyte release luteal phase ~ hormone release