1. HERC Seminar: Current Trends in Environmental Research 20.9.2007 New Models in Nature Resource Management Erland Eklund In collaboration with Susanna Björkell & Ville Klemets 20.9.2007 Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan

2. 26 October 2015 Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan 2 Objectives & aims of the NERM study analysing new models of co-management in nature resource management models targeted to meet tasks especially at the regional and local level of environmental administration -implementation of specific biodiversity regulations in protection programmes -new environmental regulation concerning agricultural and forest land -regulation concerning leisure / tourist use of private land

3. 26 October 2015 Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan 3 Objectives & aims (2) Test together with regional authorities and other regional and local institutions & associations the model in one or two actual tasks Chosen region: the Kvarken coast & archipelago. Cases based on Kvarkenrådets (Kvarken Council) development projects in environmental administration (Kvarken miljö) Analysing multiple forms of knowledge ”The quest for participation and co- management”

4. 26 October 2015 Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan 4 Historic local knowledge on use of nature and its regulation Multiple forms of knowledge Professional /expert knowledge on nature and its formal regulations

5. 26 October 2015 Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan 5 Personnel Susanna Björkell, PhD student (biology) Erland Eklund, Senior Researcher (sociology; Professor of Rural Studies) Ville Klemets, Pol.Stud., Sociology

6. 26 October 2015 Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan 6 International co-operation a) Two Swedish-Norwegian-Finnish workshops on ”Förvaltning av omstridda naturresurser – nordiska trender och utmaningar” (Management of disputed nature resources – Nordic trends and challenges). Book will be published late 2007 (in Sweden). Eds. Eva Falleth & Camilla Sandström b) Cornell University Workshop, October 2007 on Sustainability and project management (Prof. Steven Wolf) c) Comparative research on sustainability and rural development Wales-Ostrobothnia. (Marsden, Eklund, Franklin)

7. 26 October 2015 Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan 7 Study sites Bergö-Malax outer Archipelago (Rönnskären) Köklot village (Mustasaari / Korsholm)

8. 26 October 2015 Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan 8 Study sites

9. 26 October 2015 Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan 9 Natura 2000 areas in Kvarken

10. 26 October 2015 Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan 10 Foto:Carina Järvinen

11. 26 October 2015 Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan 11 Foto: Carina Järvinen

12. 26 October 2015 Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan 12 Methods Interviews with key persons / actors Participatory observation at formal & informal meetings Public documents, working documents Comparative seminars with researchers on co- management in other countries

13. 26 October 2015 Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan 13 The quest for citizen participation in nature resource management General acceptance of the need for more participatory planning & decision making in nature protection (& nature resource management). “Lets forget Natura 2000!” See e.g. B. Gilligan, N. Dudley, A. Fernandez de Tejada, H. Toivonen 2005: Management Efectiveness Evaluation of Finland's Protected Areas. Metsähallitus. Series A 147 BUT: Different laws on nature resource management give different room for participation: Nature Conservation Act (&) Decree is extremely poor in this sense; Land Use and Building Act gives much room for citizen participation

14. 26 October 2015 Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan 14 Case 1: Use and Management Plan for Bergö- Malax outer Archipelago (Rönnskären) What is a U&M Plan ? Nature Conservation Act 1996, Section 19: “A special plan shall be drafted for the management and use of a national park, specifying the measures necessary for attaining its conservation objectives. As necessary, a management plan may also be drafted for a strict nature reserve or other nature reserve. The management plan shall be drafted by the authority or agency in charge of the nature reserve. The plan shall be ratified by the Ministry of the Environment” -a handbook where users – authorities and the citizens - are informed about what can be done or not done in the area

15. 26 October 2015 Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan 15 Content of U & M Plan 1. General information about the site & planning process 2. Site description and state of knowledge & documentation (geology, cultural history, land use, specificity of nature etc) 3. Use and protection guidelines; endangered species, risks, restrictions of building, movement, hunting etc. U & M Plan for Bergö Malax is worked out with extra financial support from the Kvarken Council in order to fulfil high expectations on participation and co-management. Metsähallitus in charge of the U & M planning work.

16. 26 October 2015 Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan 16 Background Long time Kvarken-Interreg co-operation on participatory methods in nature conservation management: ”skapa förutsättningar för en dialog och delaktighet mellan medborgare, politiker och tjänstemän i naturskyddsfrågor; engagera fler aktörer i naturvårdsarbetet” Natura 2000: Bergö-Malax outer Archipelago (Rönnskären) has an endangered population of greater scaup (lapasotka, bergand). Preservation required according to the Bird Directive. A Use and Management Plan needed.

17. 26 October 2015 Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan 17 Case study 2 : Köklot village vision Objective: A plan for sustainable development of the village Original strategy: local meetings without steering from public agencies with the objective to put together a common (sustainable) vision for the village community. Parallel case in Sweden Not enough local interest at the start Alternative strategy: Questionnaire to find out about common visions for the future → guest harbour / marina suggested

18. 26 October 2015 Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan 18 For the moment: a village association is being founded in order to take care of the marina project and the future work on a village plan for sustainable development Köklot case indicates: Participation has to be regarded as relevant by the participants

19. 26 October 2015 Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan 19 Design for participation, Bergö-Malax U&M Plan Info meetings for the public Thematic working groups: hunting, fishing, tourism & recreation, history & culture biotops OBS! Co-production of text (local citizens & planners) for the Use and management plan Follow-up team Using the Web for information & document publication

20. 26 October 2015 Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan 20 Stakeholder representation at the opening meeting Local associations for fishery Local associations for ancient monuments Local associations for hunting The board of local community landowners (skifteslag, jakokunta) The Bergö island council (Bergö is the closest inhabited village) The municipality of Malax Seasonal inhabitants The Swedish Ostrobothnian hunting district The regional environment centre

21. 26 October 2015 Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan 21 Key form of participation: open thematic meetings A series of open stakeholder / thematic meetings All the parts sit together and discuss, exchange knowledge and write the text for the plan Landowners, users, local visitors and distant visitors etc Civil servants have an important role – set the agenda and steer the meetings

22. 26 October 2015 Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan 22

23. 26 October 2015 Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan 23 Results and reflexions (1): two management regimes - in dialog Historical local co-management of village commons – common pool resources. OBS the landelevation process Public efforts to enhance participation in nature conservation planning (establish co- management?) The peasant state regime The ecological state regime

24. 26 October 2015 Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan 24 Results and reflexions (2): Participation or co-management Co-management: A collaborative and participatory process of regulatory decision-making among representatives of user-groups, government and research institutions (Jentoft et al. 1998) The Bergö-Malax case: local stakeholders & their knowledge are influencing the process (“hörda i sak”) but not co-partner in decision making

25. 26 October 2015 Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan 25 Some key questions How ”far” can the civil servants go (if they want) in ”compromising” / follow local suggestions / recommendations? Do regional authorities have mandate to truly make regional / local U& M Plans? (“regional derogations”, NC Act, 16) Can a new co-management regime be developed within the frame of the NC Act? Or must the NCA be reformed? From “hands off” to “hands on” in nature conservation policy?

26. 26 October 2015 Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan 26 Some key questions What will happen if the representatives of the local land & water owners (skifteslaget) do not accept the U&M Plan Who are participating on the behalf of the local community? Are there important “internal voices” that have not been heard? To which degree can the U & M planning be described as a “learning process” The question of administrative continuity (change of personal during the process); the “projectification tendency”

27. 26 October 2015 Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan 27 Results and reflexions (3) Re-framing of the U & M planning process during the last year: The status of Bergö-Malax archipelago as a Unesco World Natural Heritage Site (www.kvarken.fi) Some consequences: -less conservation and more tourist development discourse -some hope of getting more development resources for the village

28. 26 October 2015 Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan 28 Results and reflexions (4): what could “protecting cultural heritage” be? ” Cultural heritage in the spotlight” (Metsähallitus Natural Heritage Service Annual Report 2006) “Protecting cultural heritage is becoming increasingly interlinked with the NHS nature conservation work” (p.10) Innovative understanding of Cultural heritage needed: Cultural heritage is built every day among people living in nature preservation areas. Nature preservation needs the presence of the all people living today in the area.

29. 26 October 2015 Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan 29 Reflexions on method Researching co-management / participation requires participation of the researchers – practical problems of time & costs & transports In the NERM project a large amount of empirical findings has been gathered - key person interviews, written materials from meetings – gives room form more analyses and comparisons with development in other countries The question of timing: how to synchronize ”real” planning processes with research projects Multidisciplinary: biology & sociology & policy studies is a very fruitful compot