1. Dynamic landscapes driving diversity T. Janzen, R.S. Etienne Community and Conservation Ecology Group University of Groningen Picture courtesy Jen Reynolds

2. Dynamic landscapes & diversity Diversity mainly driven by speciation – Sympatric speciation – Allopatric speciation Slow changes in landscape – Mountain ridges – Formation of lakes – Drifting of continents

3. Dynamic landscapes Fast (repetitive) changes in landscape: – Glaciation – Islands and changing sea levels – Fluctuating lake levels – On a different spatio-temporal scale: Predators Dispersal and expansion Alternating periods of allopatry and sympatry Aguilée et al. 2010

4. Aguilée et al 2010

5. Focal system

6. Lake Tanganyika Million years ago Water elvel below present

7. Eretmodini Ruber et al. 1999 PNAS

8. Summary and aims Changes in landscapes can be relatively fast Lake Tanganyika has experienced dramatic changes in water level Have these changes in waterlevel driven the current diversity in cichlids?

9. The model

10. | 10 Lineages-through-time plots (LTT) Slide by R. S. Etienne

11. Lamprologini Sturmbauer et al. 2010

12. Typical run Simulation Empirical data Water level

13. Stochasticity

14. Extinction rate Speciation rate Rate of water level fluctuation

15. Found estimates ModelEmpirical Speciation events / MY 0.87±0.250.7-1.1 Extinction events / MY 5.00E-06NA Average time to Water level change 100ky±30k61ky±13k Spec rate: Coyne & Orr 2004 Waterlevel: Lezzar 1996, Cohen 1997, Scholz 2003

16. Conclusion & Perspectives Dynamic landscapes are important in shaping diversity Estimates of this model are well in line with empirical estimates Fit this model to similar systems

17. Thanks to: Rampal Etienne Lucas Molleman Hanno Hildenbrandt Stephan Koblmüller Picture courtesy T. Janzen