1. Human Anatomy and Physiology
Blood and hemodynamics

2. Blood composition Plasma and formed elements Formed elements
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

3. Blood composition Hematocrit <45% anemia (O2 delivery problems)
>45% polycythemia (circulation problem)

4. Plasma Contents 90% water Protein (albumin acts as a buffer)
Fats, amino acids, salts, gases, enzymes, hormones
Narrow osmolality range

5. Erythrocytes Manufactured by erythropoiesis
Committed cell: will form a specific cell type
Erythroblasts undergo rapid mitosis
Reticulocytes enter blood stream (2% of blood)

6. Erythropoiesis

7. Erythrocytes
Function: gas exchange
Oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin

8. Erythrocytes Destruction (3 - 4 months)
Trapped in spleen and destroyed by macrophages
Globin is recycled into amino acids
Iron is used to make new RBC’s
Rest of heme group converted to bilirubin
Bilirubin appears in urine and feces

9. Erythrocyte disorders
Athlete’s anemia
Thalassemia
Sickle-cell anemia
Blood doping among athletes

10. Leukocytes Move through tissues by amoeboid motion
The only complete cells
Protect against invasion
Move out of blood by diapedesis
Move through tissues by amoeboid motion
Follow chemical trails by chemotaxis

11. Leukocytes Types Abundance: Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Granulocytes: contain cytoplasmic granules
Neutrophils, eosinophils basophils
Agranulocytes: without cytoplasmic granules
Lymphocytes, monocytes
Abundance: Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

12. Neutrophils Characteristics Multilobed (3 - 6 lobes) nucleus
Twice the size of RBC’s
Phagocytose bacteria

13. Eosinophils Characteristics Bilobed nucleus
Course granules stain deep red to crimson
Twice the size of RBC’s
Release digestive enzymes to kill worms (too large to be phagocytosed)

14. Basophils Characteristics Course, dark purple, black granules
Twice the size of RBC’s
Release histamine (inflammatory chemical), attract other WBC’s to the area

15. Lymphocytes Characteristics Large, dark purple nucleus
About the size of RBC’s
Act in immune response

16. Monocytes Characteristics Large, dark purple nucleus
Three times the size of RBC’s
Leave blood stream acting to phagocytose viruses and bacteria

17. Platelets Megakaryocytes (bone) rupture through sinusoid capillaries
Enucleate, age quickly (10 days)
Hemostasis

18. Hemostasis Phases Vascular spasm Platelet plug formation Coagulation
Vasconstriction reduces blood flow
Platelet plug formation
Platelets swell, and adhere to each other
Coagulation
Blood transformed from liquid to a gel

19. Hemostasis Phases Prothrombin activator formed
Conversion into thrombin
Fibrin seals the hole
RBCs and fibrin mesh

20. Blood typing
RBC plasma membranes bear specific glycoproteins recognized by the body
Glycoproteins called agglutinogens
ABO blood group (A, B, AB or O)
O (common), AB (least common)

21. Blood typing

22. Rh blood group Rh factor: 8 Rh agglutinogens
C, D, E antigens most common
Carrying Rh symbolized by +
Blood groups reported together (i.e., O+)

23. Rheology
The study of blood flow
Viscosity (i.e., polycythemia)

24. Rheology
Flow rate = 1/viscosity

25. Rheology Flow rate is directly proportional to differences in pressure
F ∞ P1 - P2 or (∆P)

26. Rheology
Flow rate is indirectly proportional to vessel length (F = 1/L)

27. Rheology
Flow rate is directly proportional to the fourth power of the radius of the vessel
F ∞ r4

28. Hemodynamics
Rate of blood flow highest in smallest cross sectional areas
Functional significance
Total
area
Velocity

29. Blood flow Laminar flow Pulsatile (large vessels)
Continuous (small vessels)
Pulsatile (large vessels)

30. Blood flow Turbulent flow
Definition (obstruction, sharp turns, high flow rate)
Occurs after aortic and pulmonary valves or valves in veins

31. Compliance
Tendency of blood vessel volume to increase as pressure increases
C = ∆V/∆P
P1=160 mmHg, P2=120 mmHg, V1=5 l/min. V2=3 l/min.
C = 0.05 kPa-1
Are veins or arteries more compliant ?

32. Compliance
8X more blood
3X more elasticity
24X more compliant