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Organization of the Human Body
Chap 46
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Cell specialization Zygote Forms three germ layers
Ectoderm; outher layer, skin & nervous system Mesoderm: middle layer, muscles, bones and connective tissue Endoderm: Inner layer, organs
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Germ Layers
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Cell specialization Tissue types
Connective: binds and supports other structures (bones, elastins) Function: gives strength to softer tissues Origin: mesoderm
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Connective Tissue
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Cell specialization (cont)
Muscle Function: movement Origin: mesoderm
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Muscle tissue
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Cell specialization (cont)
Nerve Function: communication, coordination, information Origin: ectoderm Types of nervous transmission Afferent: sensory Efferent: motor
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Nerve Tissue
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Afferent vs Efferent nerves
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Tissues make organs
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Organs make up Organ systems
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Organ systems (cont)
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Skeletal System Endoskeleton Advantages Flexible No molting
Greatest support with least weight Disadvantages less protection than exo- Depend on nervous system for protection
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Skeleton Functions Support Muscle attachment
Protection: organs and CNS Store minerals Marrow storage
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Bone development Long bones Develop from cartilage: Ossification
Remove minerals from blood Calcium phosphate ions Calcium carbonate ions Continues throughout childhood
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Long bones
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Long bone Developement
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Bone development (cont)
Flat bones: cranium, sternum, jaw Develop from membrane layers Sutures: joints in bones Bones not fused in baby: allows brain to grow
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Flat bones
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Bone Structure Diaphysis: shaft of bone Epiphysis: ends of long bones
Epiphyseal line: growth line/plate Haversian system Haversian canal: channels through bones Functions: delivers blood to bone, nutrients, osteocytes Marrow Red Found: flat bones, epiphyseal portion of long bones Function: RBC, WBC (erythrocytes, leucocytes) Yellow Found: central cavity of long bones (diaphysis) Function: fat storage (in emergency may produce RBC’s
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Bone Structure
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Buffalo Humerus- Identify the parts of the long bone
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Joints Types Hinge: elbow Ball and socket: hip Angular: wrist
Gliding: vertebrae Pivotal: Atlas and Axis Top 2 vertebrae that allow head rotation Attachment Bone to bone: ligaments Muscle to bone: tendons
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Ligaments and Tendons
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Muscle systems Muscle tissue Made of cells that are able to shorten
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Muscle fibers Fibers are single cells
Energy provided by ATP (lots of mitochondria) Bundle of fibers is a motor unit
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Muscle structure- made of may fibers
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Muscle contraction video
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Three Muscle types (get notes from descriptions of pictures)
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Identify these Muscle types
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Flexors vs Extensors Flexor- pulls bone toward each other (flex)
Extensors- pulls bones away from each other (extend) Work in opposites- each flexor has and extensor to control the range of motion
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Heart Contractions Sinoatrial node (pacemaker): in right atrium, impulse start here and causes contraction Atrioventricular node: Causes ventricle contraction Atria contract, then ventricles, moves right to left
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Heart contractions
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Electrocardiograms (EKG/ECG)
Figure 8.15B, C
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