1. Organization of the Human Body
Chap 46

2. Cell specialization Zygote Forms three germ layers
Ectoderm; outher layer, skin & nervous system
Mesoderm: middle layer, muscles, bones and connective tissue
Endoderm: Inner layer, organs

3. Germ Layers

5. Cell specialization Tissue types
Connective: binds and supports other structures (bones, elastins)
Function: gives strength to softer tissues
Origin: mesoderm

6. Connective Tissue

7. Cell specialization (cont)
Muscle
Function: movement
Origin: mesoderm

8. Muscle tissue

9. Cell specialization (cont)
Nerve
Function: communication, coordination, information
Origin: ectoderm
Types of nervous transmission
Afferent: sensory
Efferent: motor

10. Nerve Tissue

11. Afferent vs Efferent nerves

12. Tissues make organs

13. Organs make up Organ systems

14. Organ systems (cont)

15. Skeletal System Endoskeleton Advantages Flexible No molting
Greatest support with least weight
Disadvantages
less protection than exo-
Depend on nervous system for protection

16. Skeleton Functions Support Muscle attachment
Protection: organs and CNS
Store minerals
Marrow storage

17. Bone development Long bones Develop from cartilage: Ossification
Remove minerals from blood
Calcium phosphate ions
Calcium carbonate ions
Continues throughout childhood

18. Long bones

19. Long bone Developement

20. Bone development (cont)
Flat bones: cranium, sternum, jaw
Develop from membrane layers
Sutures: joints in bones
Bones not fused in baby: allows brain to grow

21. Flat bones

22. Bone Structure Diaphysis: shaft of bone Epiphysis: ends of long bones
Epiphyseal line: growth line/plate
Haversian system
Haversian canal: channels through bones
Functions: delivers blood to bone, nutrients, osteocytes
Marrow
Red
Found: flat bones, epiphyseal portion of long bones
Function: RBC, WBC (erythrocytes, leucocytes)
Yellow
Found: central cavity of long bones (diaphysis)
Function: fat storage (in emergency may produce RBC’s

23. Bone Structure

24. Buffalo Humerus- Identify the parts of the long bone

25. Joints Types Hinge: elbow Ball and socket: hip Angular: wrist
Gliding: vertebrae
Pivotal: Atlas and Axis
Top 2 vertebrae that allow head rotation
Attachment
Bone to bone: ligaments
Muscle to bone: tendons

26. Ligaments and Tendons

27. Muscle systems
Muscle tissue
Made of cells that are able to shorten

28. Muscle fibers Fibers are single cells
Energy provided by ATP (lots of mitochondria)
Bundle of fibers is a motor unit

29. Muscle structure- made of may fibers

30. Muscle contraction video

32. Three Muscle types
(get notes from descriptions of pictures)

33. Identify these Muscle types

34. Flexors vs Extensors Flexor- pulls bone toward each other (flex)
Extensors- pulls bones away from each other (extend)
Work in opposites- each flexor has and extensor to control the range of motion

35. Heart Contractions
Sinoatrial node (pacemaker): in right atrium, impulse start here and causes contraction
Atrioventricular node: Causes ventricle contraction
Atria contract, then ventricles, moves right to left

36. Heart contractions

37. Electrocardiograms (EKG/ECG)
Figure 8.15B, C