1. Lecture 27 Statement, Question, Command, Exclamation 27.1 Statements 27.1 Statements 1) Positive statements 1) Positive statements Eg. Teaching 16 hours a week, I ’ m afraid,is too much for me. Eg. Teaching 16 hours a week, I ’ m afraid,is too much for me. 2) Negative statements 2) Negative statements A statement may be negated by not or other negative words. A statement may be negated by not or other negative words. Eg. He ’ s not a worker. Eg. He ’ s not a worker.

2. 27.2 Questions 1) General questions 1) General questions General questions, also known as “ yes-no questions ”, are asked for affirmation or negation. General questions, also known as “ yes-no questions ”, are asked for affirmation or negation. Eg. Have you finished your work yet. Eg. Have you finished your work yet. Have you already finished your work? Have you already finished your work? 2) Special questions 2) Special questions Also known as wh-questions, are generally introduced by wh-words such as who, whose, which, where, what, when, why, how, etc. Also known as wh-questions, are generally introduced by wh-words such as who, whose, which, where, what, when, why, how, etc. Eg.Who phoned last night? Eg.Who phoned last night? What happened yesterday? What happened yesterday?

3. 3) Alternative questions An alternative questions is one that suggests two or more possible answers for the listener to choose from. There are two types of alternative question. One type is based on the structure of general question; the other is based on that of special question, eg. An alternative questions is one that suggests two or more possible answers for the listener to choose from. There are two types of alternative question. One type is based on the structure of general question; the other is based on that of special question, eg. Shall I give you a gin, a whisky, or a beer? Shall I give you a gin, a whisky, or a beer? What is this, ignorance,or malice, or both? What is this, ignorance,or malice, or both?

4. 4) Tag questions Tag questions are extensively used in spoken language. A tag question generally consists of two parts: statement+ question tag. Tag questions are extensively used in spoken language. A tag question generally consists of two parts: statement+ question tag. There are four types of tag question: 1) Positive statement + negative tag 2) Negative statement + positive tag 3) Positive statement + positive tag 4) Negative statement + negative tag

5. 27.3 Commands and exclamations 1) commands 1) commands Commands also known as “ imperative sentences ” begin with a verb in the imperative mood and express a command, an instruction, a request, a suggestion, etc. eg. Commands also known as “ imperative sentences ” begin with a verb in the imperative mood and express a command, an instruction, a request, a suggestion, etc. eg. Open the window, please. Open the window, please. Clean these barrels now. Clean these barrels now.

6. 2). Exclamations Exclamations, also known as “exclamatory sentences”. Refer to a special type of sentence that expresses strong feelings. Eg. What an enormous crowd came! What strange ideas you have! What an intelligent boy he is ! What a mess we are in !