2. Three Discoveries of America & Historiography I. Native Americans- A.Land bridge theory Variation in dates:  1. 30,000 - 10,000 yrs ago  2. 50,000 - 10,000 yrs ago

4. B. Gary Nash- Red, White, & Black: Peoples of Early North America 1.Central argument -story of America mixing of three cultures 2. Chapter 1- Before Columbus Southeastern migration Environmental Determinism

5. II. Vikings 800-1100 AD A. Norse Seafares- from Scandinavia B. Erik The Red-  1.Sagas (Scandinavian folk tales)  2. Leif Erikson- most likely 1st European to reach America

6. 3. 1100- hostilities begin between Native American and Vikings Vikings leave and never return

7. IOW / IOT

8. III. World Systems Analysis A. Immanuel Wallerstein – The Modern World System 1. World systems- a multicultural social system that trades everyday commodities through a division of labor 2. Focuses on European based world system from 16 th century to present 3. Characterized by core area that dominates & exploits the peripheral areas 4. Several core powers in competition

9. B. Janet Abu-Lughod - Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250-1350 (1991) 1.World system existed before European system 2. Stretched from China to Europe 3. Emphasis on role of ports not nations 4. No hierarchal structure / no core 5. IOT made European entry & dominance possible

10. IV. 1492 A. Columbus 1.Born 1451 Genoa, Italy 2. Studies navigation in Lisbon, Portugal: Greek geography& read “Travels of Marco Polo.” 3. Financed by Spain

11. 4. Spanish monarchs Ferdinand & Isabella pay for voyage 5. Made a total of four voyages to the New World

12. B. Results of Columbus’ Voyage: 1. Columbian Exchange 2. Increased competition between Spain & Portugal

13. 3. Pope Alexander VI- Line of Demarcation 1493-all lands west belong to Spain& all lands east went to Portugal

14. 4. Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494- officially ends the dispute & sets Line of Demarcation at 48 degrees west longitude

16. At this time England is still out of the picture. The unrest caused by the Protestant Reformation further delays both England & France

17. V. Advances and Exploration Before Columbus A. Portugal- 1. Prince Henry the navigator 2. Establishes school in Lisbon to promote the scientific study and advance of navigation

18. B. Bartholomeu Diaz 1488- Portuguese explorer & 1st to round the tip of Africa after being blown of course C.Vasco da Gama 1498- rounds the tip of Africa and discovers a trade route to India

19. D. Scientific Advances 1. Astrolabe- Navigation instrument used to observe the position of the stars 2. Quadrant- Navigation instrument that measured the distance between sun & stars to find a ship’s location

20. 3. Carrack- Large merchant ship 4. Scurvy- sickness caused by lack of vitamin c