1. The Protestant Reformation

2. The Protestant Reformation
Learning Goal
To identify causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation

3. What does it mean to reform something?
Change!!!

4. Protestant Reformation
October 31, 1517

5. What was the Protestant Reformation?
Protestant Reformation - a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

6. Long-Term CAUSES
POLITICAL: Germany difficult to govern; German princes resented Pope’s authority & wanted Church property
ECONOMIC: Many merchants resented sending their money to the Church in Rome

7. Long-Term CAUSES cont.
RELIGIOUS: Worldly behavior of Popes; many members of the clergy were engaged in corruption, abusing power.
SOCIAL: Renaissance ideas of secularism & individualism were in conflict with Church’s teachings; Gutenberg’s printing press

8. Short-Term CAUSES Indulgences – paying to be forgiven
95 Theses – Martin Luther’s arguments posted for discussion
Diet of Worms (1521) – Luther declared a heretic for not recanting

9. Life of Martin Luther Studying to be a lawyer
Had personal religious experience-fear
Became Priest/teacher at the Church in Wittenberg, Germany

10. 95 Theses
A. Salvation through faith NOT good works or indulgences (letters of pardon)
B. The Bible, not the pope, is the ultimate authority
C. All people who have faith are equal; therefore, there is no need for priests
D. Priests can marry

11. Clip of Martin Luther
List possible Causes of corruption in the Catholic Church as you view the clip

12. Life of Martin Luther Excommunicated in 1520
Tried at Diet of Worms in 1521
“Here I stand…”
Began a religious War

13. John Calvin
Huguenot (French Protestant  Switzerland) agreed with Luther about faith not works
Predestination: God has chosen a few “elect” people to save – only God knows who is saved and who is not
Established a theocracy – a government controlled by church leaders (Geneva)

14. Counter-Reformation
Society of Jesuits – spread Catholicism through education & missionary work
Reform papacy – eliminate corruption & worldliness
Council of Trent: reaffirmed Catholic beliefs – 7 Sacraments, good works, celibacy
Jesuit founder:
Ignatius of Loyola

15. Henry VIII 1529 Wanted a divorce to produce an heir
Established the Anglican Church (Church of England) with the Act of Supremacy in 1534
No real doctrinal changes

16. Elizabeth I
Restored Protestantism in England after “Bloody” Mary by compromising between Catholics & Protestants
Elizabeth disliked and punished extreme Protestants and extreme Catholics who tried to convert people to their faiths.

17. Short-term Effects European wars & persecutions
Religious Divisions in Western Europe

18. Short-term Effects Council of Trent
The Catholic- or Counter-Reformation

19. Long-term Effects Protestant churches spring up
Political figures (kings) gain authority over Church
Independent city-states develop
Absolute power of Catholic Church broken
Catholic Church stops abuses; Jesuits establish schools, & seek converts

20. Impact on the United States
Years (80) later, the Pilgrims & Puritans who followed John Calvin’s strict teachings thought the Anglican Church needed to be “purified”
Some left for the Americas; others stayed in England & rebelled against King Charles I
biblia.com/christianity2/3b-puritans.htm

21. Branches of Christianity

22. Questions What was the Protestant Reformation?
What was an economic cause?
What was a political cause?
What was a social cause?
What was a religious cause?

23. Questions Who wrote the 95 Thesis?
What were some criticisms of the Catholic Church’s teachings?
Why was John Calvin important?
Why were Henry VIII and Elizabeth I important?
Why was Ignatius Loyola important?

24. Questions What were some immediate effects of the Reformation?
What were some long-term effects of the Reformation?
What were some effects of the Reformation on America?

25. Definition of Terms Reformation Protestant Theses Indulgence
Peace of Augsberg

26. Vocabulary Reformation Protestant Theses Indulgence Peace of Augsberg
a. Money given to Church in order to obtain forgiveness
b. Scholarly arguments meant to invite debate over a topic
c. Reform of Christian faith – early attempts were unsuccessful
d. After Charles V fought German princes, each prince could decide religion
e. Christians who protested against the Catholic Church formed the 3rd branch of Christianity
Reformation
Protestant
Theses
Indulgence
Peace of Augsberg

27. Branches of Christianity
Catholicism (1054)
Orthodox (1054)
Protestant (1517)

28. 4 Main Protestant Branches
Lutheranism
followed Luther; against indulgences; faith not works, & importance of the Bible
Calvinism –
Followed John Calvin & his teachings of predestination; important to Pilgrims & Puritans who sought religious freedom in the Americas

29. 4 Main Protestant Branches
Anglican
King Henry VIII & Elizabeth I in England
Anabaptist
Adult baptism and complete separation of church and state