1. Socioemotional Development in Middle Adulthood
Chapter 16
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2. Chapter Outline Personality theories and adult development
Stability and change
Close relationships
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3. Personality Theories and Development
Stages of adulthood
Erikson’s generativity versus stagnation
Generativity - Adults’ desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation
Stagnation: Develops when individuals sense that they have done nothing for the next generation
Generativity can be developed in a number of ways
Biological generativity
Parental generativity
Work generativity
Cultural generativity
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4. Figure 16.2 - Levinson’s Periods of Adult Development
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5. Personality Theories and Development
Stages of adulthood
Levinson’s seasons of a man’s life
Teens – transition from dependence to independence
20s are a novice phase of adult development
30s are a time for focusing on family and career development
By the 40s, man has a stable career and now must look forward to the kind of life he will lead as a middle-aged adult
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6. Personality Theories and Development
Stages of adulthood
Levinson’s seasons of a man’s life
Transition to middle adulthood lasts - Conflicts
Being young vs. being old
Being destructive vs. being constructive
Being masculine vs. being feminine
Being attached to others vs. being separated from them
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7. Personality Theories and Development
Stages of adulthood
How pervasive are midlife crises?
The 40s are a decade of reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adult years
Only a minority of adults experience a midlife crisis
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8. Figure 16.3 - Emotional Instability and Age
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9. Figure 16.4 - Age and Well-Being
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10. Personality Theories and Development
Stages of adulthood
Individual variations
Middle-aged adults interpret, shape, alter, and give meaning to their lives
In 1/3 of cases where individuals report experiencing a midlife crisis:
Triggered by life events such as job loss, financial problems, or illness
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11. Personality Theories and Development
The life-events approach
Contemporary life-events approach: How life events influence the individual’s development depends on:
Life event itself
Mediating factors
Individual’s adaptation to the life event
Life-stage context
Sociohistorical context
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12. Figure 16.5 - A Contemporary Life-Events Framework for Interpreting Adult Developmental Change
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13. Personality Theories and Development
The life-events approach
Drawbacks
Life-events approach places too much emphasis on change, not adequately recognizing stability
It may not be life’s major events that are the primary sources of stress
Daily experiences
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14. Figure The Ten Most Frequent Daily Hassles and Uplifts of Middle-Aged Adults over a Nine-Month Period
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15. Personality Theories and Development
Stress and personal control
Stress, personal control, and age
Middle-aged adults experience more “overload” stressors that involve juggling too many activities at once
Some aspects of personal control increase with age while others decrease
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16. Personality Theories and Development
Stress and gender
Fight-or-flight: When men experience stress:
Become aggressive, socially withdraw, or drink alcohol
Tend-and-befriend: When women experience stress:
Seek social alliances with others, especially female friends
Contexts of midlife development
Historical contexts (Cohort effects)
Changing historical times and different social expectations influence:
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17. Personality Theories and Development
How different cohorts move through the life span
Social clock: Timetable according to which individuals are expected to accomplish life’s tasks
Gender contexts
Stage theories have a male bias
The demands of balancing career and family are usually not experienced as intensely by men
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18. Personality Theories and Development
Contexts of midlife development
Cultural contexts
The concept of middle age is unclear or absent in many cultures
Middle age like for women - Depends on the modernity of the culture and the culture’s view of gender roles
Middle-aged women in nonindustrialized societies experience certain advantages
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19. Stability and Change Longitudinal studies
Costa and McCrae’s Baltimore Study
Focused on the big five factors of personality
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20. Figure 16.8 - The Big Five Factors of Personality
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21. Stability and Change Longitudinal studies
Berkeley longitudinal studies
Intellectual orientation, self-confidence, and openness to new experience were the more stable traits
Characteristics that changed the most
Extent to which individuals were nurturant or hostile
Whether or not they had good self-control
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22. Stability and Change Longitudinal studies Helson’s Mills College Study
Three main groups of women
Family-oriented
Career-oriented
Neither path
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23. Stability and Change Longitudinal studies George Vaillant’s studies
Conducted:
Sample of 268 socially advantaged Harvard graduates born about 1920
Sample of 456 socially disadvantaged inner-city men born about 1930
Sample of 90 middle-SES, intellectually gifted women born about 1910
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24. Figure 16.9 - Links Between Characteristics at Age 50 and Health and Happiness at Age 75 to 80
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25. Stability and Change Conclusions
Personality traits continue to change during the adult years, even into late adulthood
Cumulative personality model - With time and age, people:
Become more adept at interacting with their environment in ways that:
Promote the stability of personality
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26. Close Relationships Love and marriage at midlife
Security, loyalty, and mutual emotional interest are more important in middle adulthood
Most married individuals are satisfied with their marriages during midlife
Divorce in middle adulthood may be more positive in some ways, more negative in others
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27. Close Relationships The empty nest and its refilling
Empty nest syndrome: Decrease in marital satisfaction after children leave the home
Parents derive considerable satisfaction from their children
Refilling of empty nest is a common occurrence
Loss of privacy
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28. Close Relationships Sibling relationships and friendships
Sibling relationships may be extremely close, apathetic, or highly rivalrous
Friendships that have endured over the adult years tend to be deeper
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29. Close Relationships Grandparenting Grandparent roles and styles
Three prominent meanings
Source of biological reward and continuity
Source of emotional self-fulfillment
Remote role
Three grandparenting styles
Formal
Fun-seeking
Distant-figure
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30. Close Relationships Grandparenting
The changing profile of grandparents
Most common reasons are divorce, adolescent pregnancies, and parental drug use
Full-time grandparenting has been linked to health problems, depression, and stress
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31. Close Relationships Intergenerational relationships
Middle-aged adults express responsibility between generations
Midlife adults play important roles in the lives of the young and the old
Relationships between aging parents and their children:
Characterized by ambivalence
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32. Close Relationships Intergenerational relationships
Differences in gender
Mothers and daughters have closer relationships during their adult years
Married men are more involved with their wives’ families than with their own
Grandparent-grandchild relationships
Mothers’ intergenerational ties were more influential
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