1. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 3 1 Chapter 3 The Study of Hair By the end of this chapter you will be able to: identify the various parts of a hair describe variations in the structure of the medulla, cortex, and cuticle distinguish between human and nonhuman hair determine if two examples of hair are likely to be from the same person explain how hair can be used in a forensic investigation calculate the medullary index for a hair All Rights Reserved South-Western / Cengage Learning © 2009

2. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 3 2 History of Hair Analysis 1. Alfred Swaine Taylor and Thomas Stevenson, in 1883, wrote a forensic science text that included a chapter on hair. 2. Victor Balthazard and Marcelle Lambert, in 1910, published a comprehensive study of hair. 3. Dr. Sydney Smith, in 1934, first used a comparison microscope to analysis hairs side by side. 4. Advances continue today with chemical tests, neutron activation analysis, and DNA analysis.

3. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 3 3 The Function and Structure of Hair Hair on mammals helps to regulate body temperature, decrease friction, and protect against sunlight. Hair consists of (a) a hair shaft produced by (b) a follicle embedded in the skin. A hair has three layers (illustrated above): the inner medulla, the cortex, and the outer cuticle.

4. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 3 4 Types of Cuticle and Cortex The Outer 2 Layers The Cuticle is the outermost layer made of over- lapping scales that protect the inner layers of the hair. The Cortex is the thickest layer containing most of the pigment giving hair its color.  The distribution of pigment in the cortex varies from person to person.  Pigment, commonly, is denser nearer the cuticle.

5. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 3 5 Types of Medulla The medulla (the inner section) can be hollow or filled, absent, fragmented, continuous, doubled, pigmented, or un- pigmented.

6. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 3 6 Types of Hair Buckled Blunt Double Medulla The cross section of a hair can be circular, triangular, irregular, or flattened influencing the curl of the hair. The texture of a hair can be coarse or fine. Different regions of the body on which hair can vary are (1) head, (2) eyebrows and lashes, (3) mustache and beard, (4) underarms, (5) overall body (auxiliary hair), and (6) pubic.

7. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 3 7 The Life Cycle of Hair Hair proceeds through 3 stages as it develops: 1. During the long anagen stage, hair actively grows. The cells around the follicle rapidly divide and deposit materials in the hair. This lasts approximately 1000 days. 80%-90% of all human hair is in this stage. 2. In the catagen stage, the hair grows and changes (may turn gray). 2% of hair is in this stage.

8. Hair Growth 3. Hair is in the telogen stage when the follicle becomes dormant. During this stage, hairs easily can be lost. About 10%-18% of all hair is in this stage. Human hair grows at a rate of 1.3 cm per month, which is about.44 mm per day. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 3 8

9. 9 Treated Hair Forensic investigators sometimes can link hair from a location with an individual. – Bleaching disturbs the scales on the cuticle and removes pigment leaving hair brittle and a yellowish color. – Dyeing colors the cuticle and the cortex of the hair shaft. Because of this and because hair grows daily, a person’s treated hairs will have specific char- acteristics in common with her or his lost hairs.

10. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 3 10 Racial Differences Hair examiners have identified some physical characteristics that generally can be associated with broad, racial groups. These characteristics, however, will not apply to all individuals in these groups. In addition, at times, it will be impossible to assign specific hairs to any of these groups be- cause their characteristics are poorly defined or hard to measure. Look over Page 55, Fig.3-10.

11. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 3 11 Animal Hair and Human Hair Core: the medulla -- Thickest layer: the cortex -- Outermost: the cuticle Pigmentation in animal hair is denser toward the medulla. In Humans it tends to be denser toward the cuticle. Unlike human hair, animal hair abruptly can change colors in banded patterns. The medullary index is different. In animals the medulla is much thicker than it is in humans.

12. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 3 12 Animal Hair and Human Hair Spinous Coronal Imbricate The outermost layer of the hair shaft (the cuticle), is typically different in animals and humans. – The cuticle scales in animals tend to resemble petals (spinous-cats, seals) or they give the appearance of a stack of crowns (coronal-rodents, bats). – The cuticle scales in humans commonly are flattened and narrow (imbricate).

13. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 3 13 Using Hair in an Investigation Macroscopic investigation can indicate length, color, and curliness. Microscopic investigation can indicate fine detail in hair structure. – Phase contrast microscopy, for example, can show the presence of dye or other treatments. – Electron microscopes can provide more detail of the surface or interior of the sample. In the sample above, note the overlapping scales and the pigment granules in the cortex.

14. Microscopy Fluorescence Microscopes are used to detect dyes or treated hair by detecting the fluoresced light given off by particular chemicals. Most dyes and hair treatments will fluoresce under a certain color light. This means that dyes will absorb light of a certain color if they contain particular chemicals and reemit the light of a different color. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 3 14

15. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 3 15 Testing for Substances in the Hair Shaft 1. Chemicals that the skin absorbs often can be detected by analysis of the hair shaft. 2. During testing for toxins hair is dissolved in an organic solvent that breaks down the keratin allowing it to release any substance that was absorbed into the hair. 3. A forensic scientist can perform chemical tests for the presence of various substances. 4. The hair shaft can be examined in sections to establish a timeline for exposure to toxins.

16. Testing for Substances in The Hair Shaft 5. Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) can determine concentrations of substances in the sample. This technique can identify up to 14 different elements in a 2 cm strand of hair. The hair is placed in a nuclear reactor and bombarded with high-energy neutrons. Different elements will give off gamma rays with different signals. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 3 16

17. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 3 17 Testing the Hair Follicle Microscopic assessment of the follicle is performed first because it is cost effective and quick. – If a microscopic match is found, the follicle can be blood tested and perhaps show the blood type. – If a microscopic match is found, the follicle can be DNA analyzed to provide identification with a high degree of confidence.

18. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 3 18................. Summary................. Summary Hair consists of a (a) hair shaft produced by a (b) follicle embedded in the skin. The shaft consists of an outer cuticle, a cortex, and an inner medulla. Various hair treatments produce characteristic effects useful to forensic experts. Some characteristics allow them to be grouped into general racial categories. Forensic experts examine hair using chemicals, light, electrons, neutrons, and DNA sequencing.