1. Where did the Celts live?
Celtic settlements:
Raths, Crannogs, Hillforts, Promontory Forts

2. What are Raths?
Raths are forts that are enclosed by circular ditches or mounds of earth
Made of timber
Where wood was scarce, some were built in stone, these are called cashels
Archaeologists use aerial photography to find locations- over 40,000 in Ireland
Several families lived inside them
Underground passages called souterrains( used for hiding/storing food)

4. What is this called?

5. What are crannogs? Man-made islands in lakes
Circle made of trees: circle of wooden stakes was put onto the bed of water, then layers of stones, mud and twigs were put into the circle to build a mound higher than the water level, a fence was built around the mound and houses were built inside the fence
Some crannogs linked to mainland by wooden bridge, stepping stones or by boats hidden along the shore
Archaeologists have found over 1200 crannogs across Ireland
Found many bronze and iron tools

7. What are Hillforts? Like raths but much bigger and built on a hill
50 have been found in Ireland
Used for important events such as religious festivals or markets
Possibly be headquarters of Celtic kings
Example: Tara(Co Meath)

10. What are Promontory forts?
Built on cliff tops
Found on the west and south coast of Ireland
Example is Dun Aengus on Inis Mor in the Aran Islands
Archaeologists believe this was used for religious purposes

12. Clip on the Celts, how they came to Ireland, settlements and the arrival of Christianity

13. Questions List the different kinds of place where the Celts lived.
How were crannogs built?
Where can we find examples of Hillforts?
Draw and label each of the settlements that the Celts lived in.
Explain the following keywords: raths, Hillforts, crannogs, promontory forts

14. Verbal Test Who were the Aos Dana?
What were the social classes of this time?
What are Raths?
What are Crannógs?

15. Farming Fashion and jewellery Religion and burial customs
Life in Celtic Ireland
Farming
Fashion and jewellery
Religion and burial customs

16. Life in Celtic Ireland:
Farming played an important part in the lives of most Celts
Cattle, sheep and pigs were kept
Cattle very important for the Celts, under Brehon Laws: wealth was measured in cattle
Rotary quern was used to ground wheat into flour, flour was used to make bread

17. Fashion and Jewellery The Celts cared about their appearance!
Made make up from herbs and berries
Clothes made from linen and wool
Poor men wore trousers, women wore plain wool tunic
Rich men wore a knew length linen tunic called a leine, tied at the waist by a crois
Legend tells us the Celts were tall and good looking, hair was fair and the dyed it to make it lighter using lime-wash
Women wore ankle length linen tunics
In winter, they wore woollen cloaks (brats) pinned at the shoulder with a gold or silver brooch
Rich people dyed their clothes in bright colours and richly embroidered

18. Activity: Draw and label a man and woman from Celtic times

19. Celtic Fashion

20. Religious and burial customs
Believed in many Gods:
Examples
An Dagda: chief god, also god of after- life
Lugh: god of war (Festival of Lughnasa, held in August)
Brigid: main goddess
Worshipped in woods (oak tree sacred to them)
Religion important: druids held in high esteem
They offered sacrifices to the gods (animals mostly sometimes human)
Religious holidays: Samhain, Cremated their dead, sometimes buried with goods (believed in afterlife)

22. Ogham Stones Graves marked by standing stones
Some have writing on them called ogham
Lines carved into stone
Spell out name of the person
Ogham earliest form of writing in Ireland

23. Write your name in Ogham

25. Questions Why were cattle so important to the Celts?
Describe how the Celts dressed.
Why were druids important in Celtic society?
What is Ogham? Where can it be found?
Write an account of the following: religion in Celtic Ireland

26. People in History
Write about a farmer in Ireland: either stone age, bronze age or iron age
Type of settlement
Food, lifestyle
How society was organised
Laws, rules (way of life)
Religion, burial customs