1. Chapter 49

2. Glia Ependymal cells line ventricles and circulate CSF Microglia protect against microorganisms Oligodendrocytes myelinate CNS Astrocytes provide support, regulate [NT], increase blood flow, support BBB Radial glia direct embryonic neuron migration

3. Comparative Neuroanatomy Multiple nerve cells = nerves Elaborate movements Bilateral shows cephalization Correlates with lifestyle Sessile vs active

4. Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) BrainSpinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Autonomic (involuntary) Sympathetic (Fight or flight)- adrenergic Parasympathetic (Rest and digest)- cholinergic Somatic (voluntary) Vertebrate Nervous System IntegrationInfo in & out

5. ANS Afferents & efferents Cranial & spinal nerves Parasympathetic & sympathetic Antagonistic, but coordinate for homeostasis

6. Embryonic Brain Development

7. Hindbrain Medulla oblongata Heart and lungs Emesis center Pons Communication between cerebellum and cortex Cerebellum Coordination and balance Learning tasks/motor skills, i.e driving, riding a bike, piano, etc Body position awareness (proprioception) Input from senses & muscles Axons cross = opposite control

8. Midbrain Aggression Alertness and concentration (reticular formation) Most primitive (reptile brain) With hindbrain form brainstem Optic lobes Visual and peripheral vision reflexes

9. Forebrain Diencephalon Thalamus Relay sensory info to cortex Sense sub-regions (gustation, tactile, olfaction, auditory, & sight) Hypothalamus ANS & regulates brain stem Body temp, immune system, & pituitary Sub-regions (full, hungry, & circadian rhythm) Cerebrum Most advanced (thinking, talking, & understanding) Distinct hemispheres and lobes

10. Cerebral Cortex Convolutions increase area 2 hemispheres show lateralization Left: math, speech, concrete processing, logic Right: creativity, facial and pattern recognition Corpus callosum Coordinate movement & integrating info Limbic system Hippocampus for learning & memory Amygdala processes emotional input Olfactory connection to emotions, fear, & aggression 4 Lobes

11. Cerebral Lobes Frontal Primary motor region & emotion/pain processing Reasoning, planning, speech, and problem solving Parietal (2) Primary sensory region & integrates motor and sensory info Temporal (2) Auditory senses & memory Broca’s area (production) and Wernicke’s area (comprehension) Occipital Visual information

12. Comparative Brain Anatomy Brain size (male/female) Larger brains = larger animals, but body weight relative Cortex (dog/cat) Convolutions increased = more intelligence Mammals increased association areas Complex behavior and learning Cerebellum (dog/cat) Size and regional development Olfactory bulb (mouse/human) Size and location Limbic system Learning avoidance

13. Reticular Formation Arousal Acts as a sensory filter More info in = more alert and aware Selective attention Sleep Pons and medulla input too = sleep Function unknown, but necessary for survival Active state, varies with stages Dolphin’s pattern

14. Circadian Rhythms Daily biological rhythms Sleep, body temps, hunger, & hormone release Biological clock regulates gene expression Around 24 hours, environment resets (unnecessary) SCN Syncs cells with day length from eye clues

15. Homunculus

16. Nervous System Disorders Schizophrenia Genetic connection being investigated Medicines focus on blocking DA Depression Genetic and environmental components Biogenic amines treatments, SSRI’s Drug Addiction Increases brain’s reward system & DA Crave pleasure associated with not the drug Neurodegenerative diseases