1. ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 3 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY PART A Cells and Tissues

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells and Tissues  Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life  Cells are the building blocks of all living things  Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Cell  Cells are not all the same  All cells share general structures  Cells are organized into three main regions  Nucleus  Cytoplasm  Plasma membrane Figure 3.1a

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nucleus  Control center of the cell  Contains genetic material (DNA)  Three regions  Nuclear membrane  Nucleolus  Chromatin Figure 3.1b

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nuclear Membrane  Barrier of nucleus  Consists of a double phospholipid membrane  Contain nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleoli  Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli  Sites of ribosome production  Ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chromatin  Composed of DNA and protein  Scattered throughout the nucleus  Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasm  Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane 1.Cytosol 1.Fluid that suspends other elements 2.Organelles 1.Metabolic machinery of the cell 3.Inclusions 1.Non-functioning units

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles Figure 3.4

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane  Barrier for cell contents  Double phospholipid layer  Hydrophilic heads  Hydrophobic tails  Also contains protein, cholesterol, and glycoproteins  Cholesterol keeps membrane fluidy and stable! MEMBRANE STRUCTURE ANIMATION PRESS TO PLAY

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Figure 3.2

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Specializations  Microvilli  Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption Figure 3.3

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Specializations  Membrane junctions  Tight junctions  Desmosomes  Gap junctions Figure 3.3

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Specializations Slide 3.8b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Membrane junctions  Tight junctions- leak proof, membranes fuse like a zipper  Desmosomes- anchor cells with buttonlike proteins  Gap junctions- allows chemicals, nutrients to pass through cells, connected by connexons Figure 3.3

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Ribosomes  Made of protein and RNA  Sites of protein synthesis  Found at two locations  Free in the cytoplasm  Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)  Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances  Two types of ER  Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum  Studded with ribosomes  Site where building materials of cellular membrane are formed  Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum  Functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Golgi apparatus  Modifies and packages proteins  Produces different types of packages  Secretory vesicles  Cell membrane components  Lysosomes

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Golgi Apparatus Figure 3.6

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Lysosomes  Contain enzymes that digest nonusable materials within the cell  Peroxisomes  Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes  Detoxify harmful substances  Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)  Replicate by pinching in half

20. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Mitochondria  “Powerhouses” of the cell  Change shape continuously  Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food  Provides ATP for cellular energy

21. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Cytoskeleton  Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm  Provides the cell with an internal framework Figure 3.7a

22. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Cytoskeleton  Three different types  Microfilaments  Intermediate filaments  Microtubules Figure 3.7b–d

23. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Centrioles  Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules  Direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

24. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cellular Projections  Not found in all cells  Used for movement  Cilia moves materials across the cell surface  Flagellum propels the cell

25. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8a–b

26. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8c

27. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8d–e

28. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8f–g