1. Poisons

2. “The poison is in the dosing” Socrates: killed with hemlock: 1 st recorded homicide by poison 339 BC Strongest poison: botulism Now used to diminish wrinkles

3. Toxicology: study of adverse effects of chemicals on the body Level of toxicity affected by: Dosage Chemical or physical form of the drug How enters body Body wt. and physical condition Time period of exposure Other chemicals in body

4. Chelating agent: binds with a chemical and changes it’s effects. Synergism: substances that work together Antagonism: substances with opposing results Chronic exposure: exposure over a long period of time Acute: over short period of time

5. LD 50: lethal dose for half the test population (animals): usually within 4 hours

6. 3 most lethal compounds are natural products: Ricin Dioxin botulin

7. Government regulatory agencies: FDA: pharmaceuticals and food additives and medical devices EPA: agricultural and industrial chem.s into environment. Dept. of transport: shipments of toxic materials OSHA: occupational safety and health admin.

8. Lead Lead paint ban in 1978 Lead gasoline ban in 1995 Lead leaches into the soil Lead leads to nervous system problems and learning disabilities in children

9. Alcohol Alcohol (ethanol, ethyl alcohol) Most abused drug in the US Most widely used drug on college campuses 20% of all alcohol produced is consumed by teenagers

10. Drink and drive 40% of all traffic deaths involve alcohol Highest risk group: males 16-24 years old Males 2x as likely to be in MVA Males consume 2x as much as women

11. Dept of Transportation Significant impairment at BAC of.02 to.05 Change reaction time Change time between stimulus and response Change stop ability by 15 to 21 feet at moderate speed (40mph)

12. .04 is legal limit for commercial vehicle operation.08 is legal limit for personal vehicle operation.15 to.20 is blood alcohol for most arrests in US.30 comatose.40 is LD 50 (lethal dose for half of people).50 most references say certain death

13. Myth: being intoxicated reduces your risk of injury in an mva. False. Half of people that suffer traumatic brain injury in US are intoxicated Can have alcohol induced cerebral edema Alcohol produces acidosis which can change breathing patterns

14. Alcohol Ethanol is toxic Affects central nervous system, liver, digestive, skin Rate of absorption into blood Amount consumed Alcohol content of beverage How quickly consumed Amount food in stomach Other drugs in system

15. 90% of alcohol is processed in the liver Alcohol - acetylaldehyde - acetic acid – CO2 + water Liver processes.5ounce per hour (NOTHING will increase this rate) Alcohol kills liver cells, fatty deposits, cirrhosis 10% removed through sweat, breathe, urine Alcohol is a diuretic

16. Absorption of alcohol start in mucus membrane of mouth. 90 seconds to circulate throughout body. Food or juice in stomach will slow absorption.

17. Digestive tract: Alcohol irritates the lining of stomach: ulcers Alcohol linked to cancer of mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines

18. Alcohol has calories and no nutritional value So alcoholics are malnourished and dehydrated Hair is dry Lips cracked Acne Skin puffy Broken veins

19. Brain: Initially, frontal lobe: euphoric and decreased inhibitions Then, reach cerebellum: coordination and perception Mid brain: reflexes, confusion, stupor Medulla: heart rate and breathing

20. BAC: blood alcohol content in percent weight per volume Legal limit:.08%.08 grams alcohol/100ml of blood

21. Increase tolerance with chronic abuse: 1 drink: 12oz beer, 5oz wine, 1oz whiskey Overtime develope physical and psychological dependence: alcoholism

22. BAC: Blood alcohol content Must consider Body weight # of drinks % alcohol in each drink Over what time period (-.15 per hour) Male/female (males more alcohol dehydrogenase)

23. BAC: male.071 x (ounces consumed) (% alcohol) Divided by body weight BAC: female.085 x (ounces consumed) (%alcohol) Divided by body weight

24. Metabolism (detoxify) begins almost immediately. Average rate of removal:.015% /hour

25. Alcohol content in a liquid can be stated in “proof” Actual % alcohol is HALF the “proof”

26. Henry’s Law: Alcohol concentration in breath is proportional to alcohol concentration in the blood. Breathalyzer invented in 1954 Color change with chemical reaction New breathalyzer: more sensitive Infrared spectrophotometry