1. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 20001 Systems Analysis and Design Chapter 15 The Big Picture

2. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 20002 Systems A system is an organized set of related components established to accomplish a certain task. A computer system is a system that has a computer as one of its components.

3. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 20003 Systems Analysis Systems analysis is the process of studying an existing system to determine how it works and how it meets client and user needs.

4. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 20004 Clients and Users Clients contract to have the systems analysis done. Users are people who will have contact with the system (employees and customers).

5. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 20005 Design Systems design is the process of developing a plan for an improved system.

6. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 20006 Systems Analyst The systems analyst performs both analysis and design. Sometimes a programmer is also involved in the analysis.

7. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 20007 Change There must be an impetus for change and related authority for change before an analysis and design project is undertaken.

8. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 20008 Change Agent The systems analyst serves as a catalyst to overcomes the natural reluctance to change within an organization.

9. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 20009 User Involvement To overcome reluctance to change, involve the people of the client organization in the development process.

10. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200010 Functions of the Systems Analyst A systems analyst has three principal functions: CoordinationCoordination CommunicationCommunication Planning and DesignPlanning and Design

11. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200011 Coordination An analyst must coordinate schedules and system-related tasks with a number of people.

12. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200012 Communication The analyst may need to make oral presentations and write reports for clients, users, and others involved with the system.

13. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200013 Planning and Design The systems analyst, along with the client organization, plans and designs the new system. This includes all the activities from beginning of the project until its final implementation.

14. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200014 Qualities of a Systems Analyst Other desirable qualities of a systems analyst are: analytical mindanalytical mind self-disciplineself-discipline self-directionself-direction ability to work without tangible resultsability to work without tangible results

15. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200015 Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) The SDLC has five distinct phases: 1. Preliminary investigation 2. Analysis 3. Design 4. Development 5. Implementation

16. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200016 1. Preliminary Investigation The goal of this phase is to determine the problem and is sometimes called the feasibility study or system survey.

17. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200017 Tools of Preliminary Investigation To determine whether to proceed with the project, the systems analyst will develop an organizational chart. Pres. C. Stenos VP A. Mapp VP Z. Hewn Mark. I. Simon Cust. O. Pine Comp. V. Gear Purch. R. South Pay. J. Ria

18. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200018 Defining Problem Defining the problem involves determining: Nature of the problemNature of the problem Scope of the problemScope of the problem Objectives of the projectObjectives of the project

19. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200019 Nature of the Problem The systems analyst and the users must agree on the nature of the problem.

20. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200020 Scope of the Problem Determining the scope of the problem sets limitations on the eventual budget and schedules of the project.

21. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200021 Objectives Determining the objectives means to express what the user thinks the system should be able to do.

22. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200022 2. Systems Analysis During this phase the systems analyst must: Gather dataGather data Analyze dataAnalyze data Determine system requirementsDetermine system requirements Report to managementReport to management

23. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200023 Gathering Data The systems analyst relies on the following sources when gathering data: Written documentsWritten documents InterviewsInterviews QuestionnairesQuestionnaires ObservationsObservations SamplingSampling

24. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200024 Written Documents Gathering documents includes procedures manuals, forms, and any kind of material that might have bearing on the problems in the organization.

25. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200025 Interviews There are two types of interviews, structured and unstructured. Structured interviews include only preplanned questions. Unstructured interviews allow the systems analyst to digress from the formal line of questioning.

26. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200026 Questionnaires Questionnaires are ideal for gathering information from a group too large to interview.

27. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200027 Observation Systems analysts must observe the flow of information in and out of an organization. Sometimes this requires them to be a temporary participant in the organization.

28. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200028 Sampling Sampling is the collection of data about quantities, costs, time periods, and other factors relevant to the system.

29. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200029 Analyze Data The systems analyst uses charts and diagrams to analyze the volume of data that has been collected. Techniques often used include: Data flow diagramsData flow diagrams Decision tablesDecision tables

30. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200030 Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs) DFDs serve as a map of how data flows in and out of an organization and reveal procedures used.

31. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200031 Decision Tables Unlike a data flow diagram, a decision table represents the logical decisions that must be made regarding potential conditions in a given system.

32. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200032 System Requirements The final segment of the systems analysis phase leads to a list of the things the system must be able to do. This list of system requirements will determine the design of the new system.

33. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200033 Report to Management Problems identified in the current systemProblems identified in the current system Requirements for the new systemRequirements for the new system Cost analysisCost analysis Recommendations for future actionRecommendations for future action

34. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200034 3. Systems Design This is the phase in which the systems analyst actually plans the new system. Systems design is divided into two sub-phases: Preliminary designPreliminary design Detail designDetail design

35. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200035 Preliminary Design The systems analyst will review system requirements and consider whether the system should be: centralized or decentralizedcentralized or decentralized networked or notnetworked or not run with purchased or custom softwarerun with purchased or custom software outsourced or in-houseoutsourced or in-house

36. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200036 Prototyping A prototype of the new system is a limited working system that is developed quickly to produce output that looks like the output the finalized system will produce.

37. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200037 Detail Design The systems analyst must now develop detailed design specifications, such as: Output requirementsOutput requirements Input requirementsInput requirements Files and databasesFiles and databases Systems processingSystems processing Systems controls and backupsSystems controls and backups

38. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200038 Output Requirements The systems analyst must determine: what the client wants the system to produce.what the client wants the system to produce. the medium of the output.the medium of the output. the type of reports needed.the type of reports needed. the contents of the output.the contents of the output. what forms will be used.what forms will be used.

39. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200039 Input Requirements The systems analyst must determine what input is required to give the desired output.

40. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200040 Files and Databases The systems analyst will determine whether the files should be stored sequentially, directly, or by some other method. File storage must also be coordinated with the databases used by the client.

41. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200041 Systems Processing Systems processing involves generating a diagram of how the flow of data works in the new system.

42. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200042 Systems Controls and Backup Systems controls are designed to prevent fraud and tampering. In addition, system files should be backed up (copied) and the copies stored in a safe manner and location.

43. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200043 4. Systems Development In this phase, the system is actually developed and includes: SchedulingScheduling ProgrammingProgramming TestingTesting

44. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200044 Scheduling Scheduling deadlines and milestones is another task of the systems analyst. Scheduling involves determining the allocation of people and resources, monitoring schedules, and producing status reports.

45. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200045 Programming At this point in systems development, programmers are given program design specifications and they begin to write code.

46. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200046 Testing After the program for the new system has been written, it must be tested under a variety of conditions.

47. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200047 5. Implementation For the implementation phase to be successful, the following activities are required: Training Training Equipment conversion Equipment conversion File conversion File conversion System conversion System conversion Auditing Auditing Evaluation Evaluation Maintenance Maintenance

48. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200048 Training A system will only be as good as the people who use it. Therefore, training the users is very important.

49. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200049 Equipment Conversion Implementing a system requires that consideration has been given to how best to convert to the new system. Issues of availability of space, accessibility, and cleanliness of the work area cannot be overlooked.

50. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200050 File Conversion Converting old file structures to that needed by the new system can take a long time. Care must be taken to not corrupt old files, lose files, or disrupt normal operations of the client organization during this conversion.

51. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200051 System Conversion A systems analyst will need to determine in what way the client organization should convert to the old system.

52. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200052 Auditing To guard against deliberate or unintentional violations in security, the systems analyst designs an audit trail.

53. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200053 Evaluation Evaluation is needed to determine if the system is: workingworking meeting the organizational requirementsmeeting the organizational requirements meeting the original budget limitationsmeeting the original budget limitations

54. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200054 Maintenance Maintenance is an ongoing activity and includes monitoring and making revisions throughout the life cycle of the system.

55. Copyright © 1998 Prentice Hall 200055 Conclusion Each computer system is unique. A systems analyst must be able to identify and understand the unique characteristics of a client organization to develop a better system for them.