1. AVIATION HISTORY Lecture 10 : Airliners

2. OBJECTIVES  By end of this section, students will be able to explain:  About Boeing & Airbus aircraft,  Why aircraft made of metal can still fly  Why aluminium is used as aircraft skin.  What are the latest material used for aircraft body.

3. SESSION 1: AIRLINERS An airliner is a large fixed-wing aircraft for transporting passengers and cargo. They are owned by airlines company

4. Types of airliners 1. Wide-body jets: The largest airliners. Two passenger aisles (rows), also known as a twin-aisle aircraft. Used for long distance and allowing a total capacity of 200 to 600 passengers Example: Boeing 747-767 & 777, Airbus A300/A310, Airbus A330, Airbus A340, Airbus A380(which can hold up to 800 passengers) 2. Narrow-body jets:  Smaller airliners  Single aisle aircraft.  Generally used for medium-distance flights with fewer passengers, less than 250 passengers Example: Boeing 717,737 & 757, Airbus A320 family McDonnell Douglas DC-9 & MD- 80/MD-90 series, 3. Regional airliners:  Seat fewer than 100 passengers, short flights.  may be powered by turbofans or turboprops. Example:Bombardier CRJ series and ATR 42/72

5. Wide-body jets: Narrow-body jets: Regional airliners:

6. Airlines

7. Airliner Manufacturer Country of Origin USA  Boeing  Lockheed Martin Canada  Bombardier Brazil  Embraer  Sukhoi Russia Tupolev Europe  Airbus Industries (France)  ATR (France/Italy)  Fokker (Netherlands)  Saab (Sweden)

8. Airliners  Characteristics  High payload (passengers and cargo)  Long range (distance the aircraft fly with a tank of fuel)  High endurance (time the aircraft can stay in the air with a tank of fuel)

9. Boeing types of aircraft models include as:  DC3-6, B707 > B717 > B727 > B737 > B747 > B757 > B767 > B777 > MD11 > B787 DC3

10. Airbus types of aircraft models include as:  A300 > A320 > A321 > A330 > A340 > A350 > A380 Airbus 330 Airbus 340 Airbus 380

11. Airbus vs Boeing What’s the differences ???  Wing  Nose & Main Landing Gears  Engine  Tail Area

12. Quick Facts  B747: Among the fastest airliners in service with a high-subsonic cruise speed of Mach 0.85.(567 mph or 913 km/h).  The largest passenger airliner in the world, the A380

13. Maximum range and payload of Boeing & Airbus aircrafts  What is Range???  What is Payload???  What is maximum range and payload for Boeing 747 -400, Boeing 737 - 400, Boeing 767-200, Airbus 320-200,Airbus 380????

14. Aircraft NamesMax. Range (Km) Max. Payload(Km) Boeing 737 - 400 4000km62,800kg Airbus 320-200 4800km73,500kg Boeing 767-200 5860km136,000kg Boeing 747 -400 13,500km397,000kg Airbus 380 14,800km560,000kg

15. Range and Payload Range:  Range means how far can the aircraft fly with a tank of fuel.  Range= Aircraft Distance Payload:  Payload is the carrying capacity of an aircraft in terms of their Passengers and Cargo.  It also means the load than can give the profits to the airlines company.

16. Where is cargo compartment inside the aircraft?

17. Why aircraft made of metal can still fly? What is metal???

18. Definition  Metal: a solid material which is typically hard, shiny, and flexible, with good electrical and thermal conductivity, e.g. iron, copper, and silver.

19. Aircraft Structure on Body Skin

20. Aircraft Material Fuselage skin & Aircraft structures Wing and Panel Aircraft Component Engines

21. Aircraft Material  Aluminum 75% uses on fuselage skin & aircraft structures.  Composite 10% uses on wing & panels.  Steel 9% uses on aircraft components.  Titanium 5% uses on engines.

22. Aircraft Material  The main material for most aircraft is aluminum.  Smaller planes are being built more and more of carbon composites and some now are 100% composite.  Even larger planes are being built with a combination of aluminum and composites.  Military aircraft have the widest variety, though. The Sr-71 is primarily titanium, while the MiG-27 and MiG-31 are made of steel and titanium.  Some light aircraft are still built with cloth skin

23. Why aluminium is used as aircraft skin.

24. Definition What is aluminium??  Aluminium: a strong, light, corrosion- resistant silvery-grey metal.  Why aluminium??? Lightweight and strong. It can hold against great pressure. Corrosion resistance

25. Why Aluminum??  Lightweight: Aluminum is very lightweight for its strength. This makes it an ideal material for airplanes.  Strong: Mostly the body structure is framed and fitted with aluminum with the skin being smoothly attached to the frame structure, thus providing considerable strength.  Another advantage is that aluminum is corrosion resistant.

26. What are the latest material for aircraft???

27. Latest Material to build Aircraft Composites: a thing made up of several parts or elements.  Composite material includes as:  Fabric glass material  Honey comb  CFRP: Carbon Fabric Reinforced uses at some major structural area

28. Advantages of CFRP CFRP: Carbon Fabric Reinforced Plastic  Strong  Light  Anti-corrosion resistance &  Cost effective or cheaper

29. Why Composite?  Composites replacing the frame structures and skins with more rigidity and less weight.  Composites can be built up into exotic shapes and thicknesses which can’t be done by aluminum.  Composite parts can be placed on the assembly in less, light, easy to install sections.  Composite weight and strength factors can be controlled and engineered easily.

30. Aluminum Material Change To CFRP

32. Aircraft Fuel

33.  For the first few decades of flight, aircraft engines simply used the same kind of gasoline that powered automobiles.  But simple gasoline was not necessarily the best fuel for the large and powerful engines used by most piston-engines airplanes that were developed in the 1930s and 1940s.  Thereby, most airplanes carried AvGas (Aviation Gasoline)  Jet fuel (AvTur: Aviation Turbine Fuel) is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gas- turbine engines.  The most common fuels are Jet A and Jet A-1’  Jet B is commonly used in civilian turbine engine-powered and is used for its enhanced cold-weather performance. 33

34. Aircraft Fuel Tanks  For larger aircraft fuel tank is inside the aircraft structure that have been sealed to allow fuel storage. An example of this type is the "wet wing“. Cannot be removed for service or inspection.  For smaller aircraft like Cessna, they used rigid removable tanks and may be removed for inspection, replacement, or repair.